Reaction Times Essay Example

Reaction Times Essay Example Reaction Times Essay Reaction Times Essay Hypotheses: 1) Boys are faster than girls are 2) Right-handed students are faster than left-handed students are 3) Right-handed boys are faster than right-handed girls are Possible methods of testing 1. Hit the mole (arcade game)- I would time how many moles they could hit in one minute, repeat this 3 times to get a fair result and then find an average. This would be read as the higher the number of moles that are hit, the faster the reaction. However you would have to travel to an arcade to carry this test out and it would be extremely expensive. 2. Stopwatch- I would tell the student to stop it at a certain time e.g. 2 minutes, and however many seconds before or after they stopped the stopwatch, would be their reaction time, the closer the number of seconds it is to 2 minutes, the faster the reaction. This would of course be repeated 3 times to get a fair result and then the average found. However the stopwatch buttons may get stuck, therefore altering results. 3. Dropping a ruler- I would take a 30cm ruler and make sure that the zero is inline with the index finger. I would then drop the ruler, which would be caught by the student (who is standing), then the number of cms nearest to the index finger where the zero was lined up with, would be taken down as the reading for their reaction times. The results would be read as, the lower the number of cms, the quicker the reaction. This would be repeated 3 times for each student, to get a fair result, and then the mean found. This is the best method of testing, because it doesnt cost money, you dont need to travel and no errors can be found with a ruler. How is it a fair test? I will make this a fair test by: * Using the same 30cm ruler * Making sure the students are standing * Making sure the zero on the ruler is in line with the index finger of the student * Standing the students in the same position * Testing all students at the same time of day * Repeating each test 3 times * Using only year 10 students Note: All Reactions are measured in cms Methods of sampling Hypothesis 1 Boys are faster than girls are There are 307 year 10 students in this school, of which I need 50. I will use stratified sampling to find a fair number of girls and boys. Out of 307 students, 156 are girls and 151 are boys. To pick the 25 girls and 25 boys from the data bank, I will use systematic sampling whereby I will role a dice, then take the number it lands on and then pick every nth person on the list. I have rolled a 4, so I will pick every 4th person on the list, until I have my complete total of 25 girls and boys. I will use 4 to select the people for all 3 hypotheses. Hypothesis 2 Right-handed students are faster than left-handed students are I will again use stratified sampling, to find a fair number of left-handed and right-handed students that I need to total 50, out of the 307 year 10 students. There are 234 right-handed students, and 73 left-handed people. To select the 38 right-handed students and the 12 left-handed students, I will pick every 4th person, as I did for hypothesis 1. Hypothesis 3 Right-handed boys are faster than right-handed girls are Out of the 307 year 10 students, 127 are right-handed boys, and 107 and right-handed girls. To find the proportion of right-handed boys and girls that I need to make 50 I will again use stratified sampling. To select my 27 right-handed boys and 23 right-handed girls, I will pick every 4th person from the data bank. Testing Hypothesis 1 Boys are faster than girls are I found the averages for my sample of 50 students, and decided to arrange the results into grouped-data tables for convenience and accuracy. My groups were decided as: Reaction (cms) 0-5 extremely fast 5-10 fairly fast 10-20 average 20-25 slow 25-30 Very slow The results for boys were as follows- Reaction Tally Frequency Cumulative Frequency 0 ; r ; 5 0 0 5 ; r ; 10 12 12 10 ; r ; 20 12 24 20 ; r ; 25 1 25 25 ; r ; 30 0 25 The results for girls were as follows- Reaction Tally Frequency Cumulative Frequency 0 ; r ; 5 0 0 5 ; r ; 10 5 5 10 ; r ; 20 16 21 20 ; r ; 25 03 24 25 ; r ; 30 01 25 I will use a cumulative frequency graph with the inter-quartile range and box-plots. I will use A Cumulative Frequency Graph as I will be able to compare ranges (I.Q.R.), find the median and aid with boxplots to identify outliers and show skewness. As I expect the boys reaction to be faster than the girls I will expect the line representing the boys to be steeper than the line representing the girls. Testing Hypothesis 2 Right-handed students are faster than left-handed students I found the averages for my sample of 50 students, and decided to arrange the results into grouped-data tables for convenience and accuracy. My groups were decided as: Reaction (cms) 0-5 extremely fast 5-10 fairly fast 10-20 average 20-25 slow 25-30 very slow The results for right-handed students were as follows- Reaction Tally Frequency Frequency density 0 r 5 0 0/5=0 5 r 10 11 11/5=2.2 10 r 20 23 23/10=2.3 20 r 25 3 3/5=0.6 25 r 30 1 1/5=0.2 The results for left-handed students were as follows- Reaction Tally Frequency Frequency density 0 r 5 0 0/5=0 5 r 10 0 0/5=0 10 r 20 12 12/10=1.2 20 r 25 0 0/5=0 25 r 30 0 0/5=0 I will use a Histogram, to find the median. As I expect the right-handed students to be faster, I will expect the median for the right-handed students to be lower than for the left-handed students. Right-handed Median = 13.5 Left-handed Median = 15 Conclusion for Hypothesis 2 The medians again prove that my 2nd hypothesis is correct. Right-handed students are faster than left-handed students because the right-handed students achieved a median of 13.5 whereas the left-handed students achieved a median of 15, making the right-handed students average faster. Testing Hypothesis 3 Right-handed boys are faster than right-handed girls are I found the averages for my sample of 50 students, and decided to arrange the results into grouped-data tables for convenience and accuracy. My groups were decided as: Reaction (cms) 0-5 extremely fast 5-10 fairly fast 10-20 average 20-25 slow 25-31 very slow The results for right-handed boys were as follows- Reaction Tally Frequency Mid-point Mid-point x Frequency 0 r 5 0 2.5 0 x 2.5=0 5 r 10 10 7.5 10 x 7.5=75 10 r 20 15 15 15 x 15=225 20 r 25 02 22.5 2 x 22.5=45 25 r 30 0 27.5 0 x 27.5=0 27 345 The results for right-handed girls were as follows- Reaction Tally Frequency Mid-point Mid-point x Frequency 0 r 5 0 2.5 0 x 2.5=0 5 r 10 7 7.5 7 x 7.5=52.5 10 r 20 13 15 13 x 15=195 20 r 25 2 22.5 2 x 22.5=45 25 r 30 1 27.5 1 x 27.5=27.5 23 320 The estimated mean for right-handed boys is 13 The estimated mean for right-handed girls is 14 Conclusion for Hypothesis 3 The estimated mean for the right-handed boys is 13 whereas the estimated mean for the right-handed girls is 14, this means that the boys are faster because they have a faster average than the girls do. This proves my 3rd hypothesis correct I used the estimated mean in order to get an immediate result of who is faster out of everybody. It also means I will be able to find the standard deviation (page 7 7a). Testing Hypothesis 3 (continued) Although I have already proved the 3rd hypothesis correct, I am going to put the data into a histogram, to secure my conclusion. The tables of results were arranged in the same way Right-handed boys- Reaction Tally Frequency Frequency density 0 r 5 0 0/5=0 5 r 10 10 10/5=2 10 r 20 15 15/10=1.5 20 r 25 2 2/5=0.4 25 r 30 0 0/5=0 27 Right-handed girls- Reaction Tally Frequency Frequency density 0 r 5 0 0/5=0 5 r 10 7 7/5=1.4 10 r 20 13 13/10=1.3 20 r 25 2 2/5=0.4 25 r 30 1 1/5=0.2 23 The Medians Right-handed boys = 12 Right-handed girls = 13.5 Conclusion for 2 for hypothesis 3 I can see from the Medians, which I read off of the histograms, that Right-handed boys are faster than Right-handed girls are. The right-handed boys median was 12 whereas the girls median was 13.5 making the right-handed girls slightly less- faster than the boys are. This proves my 3rd and final hypothesis right for the second time. Testing Hypothesis 3 (continued 2) The estimated mean for boys = 13 The estimated mean for girls = 14 The method of how I found the estimated means, is on page 5 Mid Point (x) Frequency (f) Mid point Estimated mean (x-x) (Mid point Estimated mean) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (x-x) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Frequency x (Mid point Estimated mean) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ f(x-x) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2.5 0 2.5-13= -10.5 -10.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 110.25 0 x 110.25= 0 7.5 10 7.5-13= -5.5 -5.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½= 30.25 10 x 30.25= 302.5 15 15 15-13= 2 2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½= 4 15 x 4= 60 22.5 2 22.5-13= 9.5 9.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½= 90.25 2 x 90.25= 180.5 27.5 0 27.5-13= 14.5 14.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½= 210.25 0 x 210.25= 0 ? =27 ? =543 The standard deviation for the right-handed boys is (to 3 s.f.): 4.48 Mid Point (x) Frequency (f) Mid point Estimated mean (x-x) (Mid point Estimated mean) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (x-x) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Frequency x (Mid point Estimated mean) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ f(x-x) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2.5 0 2.5 14 = -11.5 -11.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 132.25 0 x 132.25 = 0 7.5 7 7.5 14 = -6.5 -6.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 42.25 7 x 42.25 = 295.75 15 13 15 14 = 1 1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 1 13 x 1 = 13 22.5 2 22.5 14 = 8.5 8.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 72.25 2 x 72.25 = 144.5 27.5 1 27.5 14 = 13.5 13.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 182.25 1 x 182.25 = 182.25 ? =23 ? =635.5 The standard deviation for the right-handed girls is (to 3 s.f.): 5.26 Conclusion 3 for Hypothesis 3 The standard deviation value of the right-handed boys is lower, which means that the right-handed boys are more consistant Also I can see from the Standard deviation methods on page 7a, that 95% of the right-handed boys reaction ranged between 4.04cm and 21.96cm whereas 95% of the right-handed girls ranged between 3.48cm and 24.52cm, this again shows that the boys are more consistent. I expect to find the median and expect of the boys to be lower than the girls. Further improvements If I were to do this investigation again, I would re-do Hypothesis 1. I would find and remove the outliers from the data, and re-construct my cumulative frequency graph, to see if it altered the results, which I have found. Also I would place the data for each hypothesis, into other forms of graphs (i.e. histograms for hypothesis 1, cumulative frequency for hypothesis 2 etc). This would ensure that my conclusions are more precise and correct, as I did for hypothesis 3 where I used the estimated mean, a histogram and then found the standard deviation. Furthermore, I would test other hypotheses such as Right-handed girls are faster than Left-handed boys are etc. I could also change the age group, and see if I get different results to what I have, for each hypothesis. Another thing I could change is the form of test, so instead of dropping the ruler I could try the stopwatch experiment. Overall Conclusion After analyzing all of the results from the tests for all 3 hypotheses, I can see that my hypotheses were correct. For hypothesis 1, the Median for the boys was 10 whereas the median for the girls was 13. This meant that the boys were faster than the girls were. Also the box plots and the steepness of the lines from cumulative frequency graph showed the boys were faster. For hypothesis 2, the Right-handed students proved to be faster than left-handed students because the right-handed students had a median of 13.5 whereas the left-handed students achieved a median of 15. This meant that right-handed students average was faster. For the 3rd hypothesis the boys estimated mean was 13 whereas the girls estimated mean was 14. This showed that the right-handed boys average was faster than the right-handed girls was, making the right-handed boys faster. I also put the data into a histogram. The Median for the right-handed boys was 12 whereas the right-handed girls, was 13.5. This proves again that the right-handed boys were faster than the right-handed girls were. I found the standard deviations for the right-handed girls and boys. It showed that the boys were more consistent than the girls were. Conclusion for Hypothesis 1 The Median for the boys is 10 whereas the median for the girls is 13. This already proves my hypothesis correct boys are faster than girls are. Also, on the box-plots 3/4 of the boys have a reaction between 10 and 13 whereas 3/4 of the girls have a reaction between 13 and 17, so the majority of boys are faster than the girls are. I can also see from the whiskers of the box plots that there are outliers. There is a boy who is extremely slow in comparison to the majority of the boys and a girl who is also extremely slow in comparison to the majority of the girls. The steepness of the boys graph proves again that the boys have a faster reaction than the girls do. Furthermore, I can see from the inter-quartile ranges, (which represent the middle-half of the sample) that the girls are slower, the reaction of the middle half being 6.5 and the boys being 4.5. In addition to this, I can see from the inter-quartile ranges that the boys are more consistent as their range is closer together 8.5 13 compared to the girls ranging from 10.5 17 Maths Statistics Coursework: Reaction times

Executive Order 9835 Demanded Loyalty

Executive Order 9835 Demanded Loyalty In 1947, World War II had just ended, the Cold War had just begun, and Americans were seeing communists everywhere. It was in that politically-charged atmosphere of fear that President Harry S. Truman on March 21, 1947, issued an executive order establishing an official â€Å"Loyalty Program† intended to identify and eliminate communists in the U.S. government. Key Takeaways: Executive Order 9835 Executive Order 9835 was a presidential executive order issued by President Harry S. Truman on March 21, 1947. The so-called â€Å"Loyalty Order† created a controversial â€Å"Federal Employee Loyalty Program† charged with eliminating communists from all areas of the U.S. government. The order empowered the FBI to investigate federal employees and created presidentially-appointed Loyalty Review Boards to act on reports from the FBI.Between 1947 and 1953, more than 3 million federal employees were investigated, with 308 fired after being declared security risks by the Loyalty Review Boards.   Truman’s Executive Order 9835, often called the â€Å"Loyalty Order,† created the Federal Employee Loyalty Program, which authorized the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to conduct initial background checks on federal employees and carry out more in-depth investigations when warranted. The order also created Presidentially-appointed Loyalty Review Boards to investigate and act on the findings of the FBI. â€Å"There shall be a loyalty investigation of every person entering the civilian employment of any department or agency of the executive branch of the Federal Government,† the Loyalty Order decreed, also providing that, â€Å"equal protection from unfounded accusations of disloyalty must be afforded the loyal employees.† According to the paper The Second Red Scare, Digital History, Post-War America 1945-1960 from the University of Houston, the Loyalty Program investigated over 3 million federal employees, 308 of whom were fired after being declared security risks. Background: Rise of the Communist Threat Shortly after the end of World War II, not only had the entire world learned the horrors of nuclear weapons, America’s relationship with the Soviet Union had deteriorated from wartime allies to staunch enemies. Based on reports that the USSR had succeeded in developing its own nuclear weapons, Americans, including government leaders, were gripped by a fear of the Soviets and communists in general, whoever and wherever they might be.  Ã‚   Growing economic tension between the two nations, along with fears of uncontrolled Soviet spy activity in America began to influence ​U.S. foreign policy and, of course, politics. Conservative groups and the Republican Party sought to use the so-called â€Å"Red Scare† threat of Communism to their advantage in the 1946 midterm Congressional elections by claiming that President Truman and his Democratic Party were â€Å"soft on Communism.† Eventually, the fear that communists were beginning to infiltrate the U.S. government itself became a key campaign issue. In November 1946, Republican candidates won sweeping victories nationwide resulting in Republican control of both the House of Representatives and the Senate.   Truman Responds to the Red Scare Two weeks after the election, on November 25, 1946, President Truman responded to his Republican critics by creating the Presidents Temporary Commission on Employee Loyalty or TCEL. Made up of representatives from six Cabinet-level government departments under the chairmanship of a Special Assistant to the U.S. Attorney General, TCEL was intended to create federal loyalty standards and procedures for the removal of disloyal or subversive individuals from federal government positions. The New York Times printed the TCEL announcement on its front page under the headline, â€Å"President orders purge of disloyal from U.S. posts.† Truman demanded that the TCEL report its findings to the White House by February 1, 1947, less than two months before he issued his Executive Order 9835 creating the Loyalty Program. Did Politics Force Truman’s Hand? Historians contend that the timing of Truman’s actions, taken so soon after the Republican Congressional victories, show that both the TCEL and the subsequent Loyalty Order had been politically motivated.   Truman, it seems, was not as worried about Communist infiltration as the terms of his Loyalty Order indicated. In February 1947, he wrote to Pennsylvania’s Democratic Governor George Earle, â€Å"People are very much wrought up about the communist bugaboo but I am of the opinion that the country is perfectly safe so far as Communism is concerned- we have too many sane people.† How the Loyalty Program Worked Truman’s Loyalty Order directed the FBI to investigate the backgrounds, associations, and beliefs of any of the approximately 2 million executive branch federal employees. The FBI reported the results of their investigations to one or more of the 150 Loyalty Review Boards in various government agencies. The Loyalty Review Boards were authorized to conduct their own investigations and to collect and consider testimony from witnesses whose names were not disclosed. Notably, the employees being targeted by the loyalty investigations were not allowed to confront the witnesses testifying against them. Employees could be fired if the loyalty board found â€Å"reasonable doubt† regarding their loyalty to the U.S. government or ties to communist organizations. The Loyalty Order defined five specific categories of disloyalty for which employees or applicants could be fired or rejected for employment. These were: Sabotage, espionage, spying or the advocacy thereofTreason, sedition or the advocacy thereof;Intentional, unauthorized disclosure of confidential informationAdvocacy of the violent overthrow of the U.S. governmentMembership in, affiliation with or sympathetic association with any organization labeled as totalitarian, fascist, Communist or subversive The Subversive Organization List and McCarthyism Truman’s Loyalty Order resulted in the controversial â€Å"Attorney Generals List of Subversive Organizations† (AGLOSO), which contributed the second American Red Scare from 1948 to 1958 and the phenomenon known as â€Å"McCarthyism.† Between 1949 and 1950, the Soviet Union demonstrated that it had indeed developed nuclear weapons, China fell to Communism, and Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy famously declared that the U.S. Department of State employed more than 200 â€Å"known communists.† Despite having issued his Loyalty Order, President Truman again faced charges that his administration was â€Å"coddling† communists. Results and Demise  of Truman’s Loyalty Order According to historian Robert H. Ferrell’s book Harry S. Truman: A Life, by mid-1952, the Loyalty Review Boards created by Truman’s Loyalty Order had investigated more than 4 million actual or prospective federal employees, of which 378 were fired or denied employment. â€Å"None of the discharged cases led to discovery of espionage,† noted Ferrell. Truman’s Loyalty program has been widely criticized as an unwarranted attack on innocent Americans,  driven by the Red Scare. As the Cold War’s threat of nuclear attack grew more serious during the 1950s, Loyalty Order investigations became more common. According to the book Civil Liberties and the Legacy of Harry S. Truman, edited by Richard S. Kirkendall, â€Å"the program exerted its chilling effect on a far larger number of employees than those who were dismissed.† In April 1953, Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued Executive Order 10450 revoking Truman’s Loyalty Order and dismantling the Loyalty Review Boards. Instead, Eisenhower’s order directed the heads of federal agencies and the U.S. Office of Personnel Management, supported by the FBI, to investigate federal employees to determine whether they posed security risks.

The impact of Leadership Style on Employees Performance Research Proposal

The impact of Leadership Style on Employees Performance - Research Proposal Example The continuously evolving and turbulent business situations have made it necessary to steer an organization in the right direction to achieve higher performance. Although a number of factors influence the success and continuity of an organization, the role of leadership is found to be critical in this aspect. Leadership effectiveness is considered to be a key requirement in every organization for being successful in the present undertakings and also for ensuring continued success and competitiveness in the future (Manning & Curtis, 2003). Exceptional organizational performances are often mapped back to the presence of dynamic leadership within the company. Also, leadership effectiveness in enhancing organizational performances is often considered to be the result of skillfulness in a business. The quality of leadership in an organization is one of the most significant determinants of the level of performance of the organization (Lussier & Achua, 2004). Thus, the research topic seems to be highly relevant and contextual for study in the modern business world. It is important to understand the terms such as leadership, leadership style and performance to conduct the proposed research. Leadership in an organization is a component that is inclusive of a number of strategies that can be used in the organization. Goleman, Boyatzis, and Mckee (2001) stated that leadership behavior is found to play an influential role in enhancing motivation, job satisfaction, and work quality. On the other hand, the performances of the employees are the building blocks of an organization. These also form the foundation on which the overall performance of the organization rests. Performance is identified by Cunningham and McGregor (2000) to be a multidimensional aspect that is aimed to achieve goals and is significant for an organization in achieving its strategic objectives. Figure 1. Five levels of hierarchy of performance excellence. Adapted from â€Å"Trust and the

Capitalism and Socialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Capitalism and Socialism - Essay Example The table below pinpoints the differences between the forms of capitalism based on the institutional characteristics; An example of a ‘humane’ capitalist country is Germany. Such capitalist countries get referred to as ‘humane’ due to the characteristic of their institutional set up. As much as their capitalist economies get based on profit making, accumulation, and direct competition; these economies value their human population through their institutional set up (Soskice & Hall 65). ‘Humane’ capitalist economy setup aims at attaining equitable income distribution for each individual in the economy. They try to create a sustainable and equitable economic environment for every player to make their contributions through their policies. ‘Humane’ capitalist economies gear their policies towards efficient service delivery for the people. An example of a ‘brutal’ capitalist economy is the United States. Such countries get considered as ‘brutal’ as they advocate for direct competition among its economy players. This competition leaves a percentage of the population vulnerable to poverty (Soskice & Hall 123). ‘Brutal’ capitalism represents a man eat man society where the more an individual has, the more the individual is likely to accumulate more and take part in the economy. ‘Brutal’ capitalist countries are more likely to place profits over the people. A ‘humane’ and ‘brutal’ capitalism cannot exist together. This is so because if they do, then it would revert to the general capitalist economy which contains strains of both forms of capitalism (Soskice & Hall 133). These forms of capitalism cannot compete directly but rather, indirectly. Einstein argues for a socialist future over capitalism. This is so as Einstein believed that a socialist future would help cure the evils of capitalism. He suggests that there be a socialist economy

Can This Bookstore Be Saved Essay Example for Free

Can This Bookstore Be Saved Essay The internet has brought an end to most brick and mortar locations of book stores and have changed the ways that book publishers market and sell their books. Publishers had to change the way they allocate printed books as well as beginning to release books as apps in order to change the ways that books are sold and open up to a wider audience. Paper books would create a bigger profit but do not sell as well as e-books. Book stores either had to adapt to the change or ultimately meet their end. Book stores had to reach to selling e-books and e-readers in order to maintain their sales. BN as well as book publishers are changing their business model to deal with the internet and e-book technology by increasing the features which they offer to their clientele. They are constantly upgrading the r-readers they provide and increasing the functionality of their e-books. Also they are looking to cater to the college student for their text book needs. 3. Yes BN’s new strategy will be successful. I feel that their new strategy will be successful because they are not appealing to more people especially college students that will repeatedly need to purchase or rent textbooks. As with new features they allow people to do more things even though some people may never use them the younger demographic would more than likely be drawn to those new features. 4. I feel that BN and publishers should be giving people more of a preview of the books to stimulate more business. With e-books it is harder to just impulse buy one because you cannot hold the book in your hand and read a few pages to see if you have a true feel for the book. The weaknesses   within Facebooks privacy policies and features are the fact they want you to share as much information as possible but they make your information openly readily available to anyone if you do not know how to go through all of Facebooks settings. They do not automatically protect your account and do not easily give you the information to do so. The factors that contribute to those weaknesses is the lack of information given to consumers, they do not tell you how your information will be used, the difficulty involved with updating how your information is shared and the fact they do not ask your permission for images. The way in which Facebook currently conducts business I do not think they can have a successful business model without invading privacy. I feel like they make the most of their business exploiting people’s privacy and their lack of knowledge with how to change their privacy settings. The only way I feel that they can make it successful would be to educating the people that use facebook to take the proper measures to make sure their information is not shared without their approval.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Sikh Ruler, In The Eyes Of Non-sikhs :: essays research papers

According to the famous historian Carlyle, a worthy sovereign should be judged from a sole factor as to how he employs his sword after being victorious. ********** Le Griffin writes that: "Maharaja Ranjit Singh ruled his kingdom exactly according to the Sikh way of life and Sikhism considers everyone as friends and talks about the welfare of all irrespective of caste and creed." ********** The spirit of Gurbani couplet, "The one Lord is the Father of all and we are the children of the one Lord rules supreme in every Sikh heart." Charles Hugal, writes in his book, "Travels in Kashmir and Punjab", that, "probably no person in the world could have established such a large empire with minimum bloodshed as Ranjit Singh has established his kingdom." ********** Affirming Hugal's views, Prinsep, also writes in his book, "Origin of Sikh Power in Punjab", that, "Ranjit Singh's whole career was free of any blemishes like unnecessary atrocities and cruel bloodshed." ********** Historian R.S. Kanungo praising all the aspects of the Kingdom of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, in his writings says, "his empire was the kingdom for 'Welfare for All', in which all were equal sharing partners. In his kingdom there was no special love for Sikhs and no animosity for non-Sikhs. There were no special taxes on any caste to show it down from the other or to label it inferior." ********** W.G. Osborne writes that, "Maharaja Ranjit Singh was so compassionate that outside a battle he did not kill anyone, so much so that in generosity he even forgave those who tried to kill him and felt happiness in forgiving." ********** Charles Hugal in his book, "The Court and Camp of Ranjit Singh", writes that, "Ranjit Singh ruled his kingdom according to the Sikh tenets. All the important positions were given to Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs, entirely based on merit. Even his main advisors were three famous Muslim brothers: Fakir Aziz-ud-Din, his foreign minister; Fakir Nur-ud-Din, his home minister; Fakir Imam-ud-Din, his custodian of the arsenals. Forty-six senior Army officers and two top ranking Generals were Muslims. One General was French and score of military officers were Europeans. In police and civil services he has about one hundred Muslim officers alone. Hindus too, used to hold many key positions in Sarkar-e-Khalsa. Ranjit Singh was secular through-and-through. Since he had lost his one eye in childhood, due to small pox, he used to remark jokingly about himself that, "God Willed that as a true Sikh I should look upon all religions with one eye". Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Sikh Ruler, In The Eyes Of Non-sikhs :: essays research papers According to the famous historian Carlyle, a worthy sovereign should be judged from a sole factor as to how he employs his sword after being victorious. ********** Le Griffin writes that: "Maharaja Ranjit Singh ruled his kingdom exactly according to the Sikh way of life and Sikhism considers everyone as friends and talks about the welfare of all irrespective of caste and creed." ********** The spirit of Gurbani couplet, "The one Lord is the Father of all and we are the children of the one Lord rules supreme in every Sikh heart." Charles Hugal, writes in his book, "Travels in Kashmir and Punjab", that, "probably no person in the world could have established such a large empire with minimum bloodshed as Ranjit Singh has established his kingdom." ********** Affirming Hugal's views, Prinsep, also writes in his book, "Origin of Sikh Power in Punjab", that, "Ranjit Singh's whole career was free of any blemishes like unnecessary atrocities and cruel bloodshed." ********** Historian R.S. Kanungo praising all the aspects of the Kingdom of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, in his writings says, "his empire was the kingdom for 'Welfare for All', in which all were equal sharing partners. In his kingdom there was no special love for Sikhs and no animosity for non-Sikhs. There were no special taxes on any caste to show it down from the other or to label it inferior." ********** W.G. Osborne writes that, "Maharaja Ranjit Singh was so compassionate that outside a battle he did not kill anyone, so much so that in generosity he even forgave those who tried to kill him and felt happiness in forgiving." ********** Charles Hugal in his book, "The Court and Camp of Ranjit Singh", writes that, "Ranjit Singh ruled his kingdom according to the Sikh tenets. All the important positions were given to Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs, entirely based on merit. Even his main advisors were three famous Muslim brothers: Fakir Aziz-ud-Din, his foreign minister; Fakir Nur-ud-Din, his home minister; Fakir Imam-ud-Din, his custodian of the arsenals. Forty-six senior Army officers and two top ranking Generals were Muslims. One General was French and score of military officers were Europeans. In police and civil services he has about one hundred Muslim officers alone. Hindus too, used to hold many key positions in Sarkar-e-Khalsa. Ranjit Singh was secular through-and-through. Since he had lost his one eye in childhood, due to small pox, he used to remark jokingly about himself that, "God Willed that as a true Sikh I should look upon all religions with one eye".

IBM Essay

IBM is a multinational corporation that deals with communication technology, designing and selling of networking services. The company employees over sixty six thousand employees, its annual revenue as per 2008 was over thirty nine billion US dollars. It has its headquarters in New Orchard Road Armonk, New York. IBM is one of the top ten companies in the world that has been the most successful in acquiring other companies. Some of the best companies it has acquired have made it expand its operations as it integrates new skills and technology. IBM stands for International Business Machines. The company has won a good number of awards as it continues to receive recognition as the best in computer networking services. A part from networking business, the company is also involved in training programs to ensure empowerment of employees in the area of modern technology, Pugh (pp 20-26, 1995). It is also involved in environmental sustainability to maximize energy use. Despite the company being founded many years ago when technology was not at its peak, it has continued to make adjustments that has made its products to stand the taste of time. The company is sensitive to technological innovations and is therefore quick to make the necessary adjustments to its product. Being a networking industry, it believes in working with other companies to enhance sharing of ideas. Its consumer oriented focus has made it to diversify its productions. The company has always responded to the needs of consumers by reaching them despite their geographical locations. The company has several branches in other nations making their products even more accessible. IBM has had visionary leaders who have always strived to produce quality services. The current CEO, Samuel J. Palmisano is credited for his quality leadership that has made him work with reputable organisations. He is a focused leader who clearly understands his role as a CEO of IBM system. The company continues to grow strategically as its employees enjoy a good remuneration. Background of the company Harlow Bundy who was a manufacturer of time records founded IBM which was previously referred to as ITR in 1906. He moved his time recording company from Binghamton to Endicott in 1911. ITR merged with two other companies to form IBM. In the early years of its inception, the company employed three hundred workers bit by 1924 the employees had tripled to over nine hundred. The company had five buildings but by the end of ten years, the buildings had increased to twenty-five. Currently the company has numerous branches with thousands of employees. Currently IBM deals in products such as, IBM 650 RAMAC, the IBM 709 electronic data processing machine, the IBM 1401 data processing system and some of the System/370. The company was listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange. To enhance its operations, IBM liaised with other companies that would merge their products and talents. The biggest deal of the company was with star wind software. The company acquired Bundy manufacturing corp. , computing Scale Company, dey patent company, productivity solutions, green pasture software, trigo technologies and many more Thompson (pp 15-21, 1999). IBM has made several acquisitions, even though some have not been successful; it remains to be a leader in comparison to other companies in similar operations. During the dot com boom of 2000, IBM was the best in the world with a capitalization of over five hundred billion US dollars. By April 2009, the company had a capitalization of one hundred and four US dollars and still being ranked among the top companies. It was voted stock of the decade on NASDAQ. In 1990-2000, its7500 serious router was ranked third as the product of the decade. Apart from routing systems, IBM also deals in branch office routers, Ethernet switching, ATM networking, IP telephony, remote access and security. In 2002-2003, the company has received several awards namely; disaster relief and social responsibility in 2008, accessibility and kid smart in 2007, web adaptation in 2006 and reinvention education in 2005. The vision of the company is ‘we strive to lead in the invention, development and manufacture of the industry’s most advanced information technologies, including computer systems, software, storage systems and microelectronics. The revenue of the company is one hundred and three billion US dollars, net income is twelve billion US dollars, and total assets are one hundred and nine billion US dollars. The company has three hundred and ninety eight thousand, four hundred and fifty five worldwide. The records of stockholders are five hundred and sixty four thousand, two hundred and forty four.