Resource Based View of the Firm

Structure/methodology,'approach †The paper proposes a connection between esteem hypothesis and responsibility utilizing a Resource Value-Resource Risk viewpoint as an option in contrast to the Capital Asset Pricing Model. The connection works first from the work procedure, where worth is made yet is defectively discernible by intra-firm systems of authoritative control and outside administration courses of action without Incurring checking costs. Second, It works through legally binding game plans which Impose fixed cost structures on exercises with variable revenues.Findings †The paper along these lines clarifies how worth begins in hazardous and hard to screen beneficial procedures and is transmitted as rents to hierarchical and capital market constituents. It at that point audits late commitments to the RUB, contending that the proposed new methodology defeats holes characteristic in the other options, and along these lines offers an increasingly complete and coordinated perspective on firm conduct. Creativity/esteem †The RUB can turn into a lucid hypothesis of firm conduct. On the off chance that It embraces and can Integrate the work hypothesis of significant worth. Related proportions of hazard emerging from the work procedure and instruments of accountability.Keywords Resources, Risk the board, Labor, Competitive preferred position Paper type Research paper Value, benefit and hazard 1 . Prologue To what degree is procedure encircled in bookkeeping terms and what job do bookkeeping numbers and strategies play in setting technique? In the two cases the appropriate response is most likely insufficient, In perspective on the expected commitment on offer from bookkeeping by and large, and from basic bookkeeping specifically. As of late, the asset based view (RUB) of the firm, has accomplished broad spread In scholastic writing and the board practice (Acted et al. , 2006).It clarifies nominative favorable position, or conveyance of supported bet ter than average returns (Apteral, 1993) or financial benefit (Barney, 2001), regarding firms' packs of assets (Amity and Shoemaker, 1993; Rumble, 1984), which are significant, uncommon, supreme and non-substitutable (FRI.) (Barney, 2001, accentuation included). A hypothesis connecting resource esteem and unusual returns Is thusly The creator might Want to thank members at the European basic Accounting examines meeting, multiversity AT York, 2 Institute of Chartered Accountants in Scotland, whose budgetary help built up the thoughts in this paper.

Business Websites. Tupperware and Rubbermaid Web Site Comparison Assignment

Business Websites. Tupperware and Rubbermaid Web Site Comparison - Assignment Example This has been made conceivable through web based showcasing and selling techniques that organizations set up to guarantee they continue their organizations in this serious worldwide commercial center. There are numerous business sites that are noticeable to billions of individuals over the world. Subsequently, the straightforwardness at which a client finds required data is basic in web based advertising. Consequently organizations should give itemized data the item and its advantages to clients. This completely relies upon web composition. An effectively usable, traversable, engaging, and intuitive business site arrives at a larger number of customers than static and ineffectively planned sites. The fundamental explanations behind building up a business site is to advertise a company’s items and administrations, increment the client numbers diminish costs and produce more income (Bidgoli, 2011). To this end, organizations with sites to a bigger degree target both nearby and w orldwide market. This is valid for both Tupperware and Rubbermaid. In any case, Tupperware have broad objective market that remembers all nations for the world. It site doesn't have diverse sub spaces for nations. Regardless, the way that the site must be meant English and Spanish breaking point its market to the nations whose greater part of their populace communicate in these two dialects. Then again, Rubbermaid targets nations with solid economies over the world. This is obvious by the posting of explicit nations in its site. For example, Japan, United Kingdom, Brazil in Asia, Latin America and Europe separately. Notwithstanding, given that its site can be deciphered in four dialects, English, French, English and Dutch, Rubbermaid has an extended market. Also, the two organizations target family units. This is on the grounds that the majority of their items are family unit merchandise, for example, coolers, cutlery and microwave. The home pages of Tupperware and Rubbermaid contai n the a portion of the items sold by the two organizations. Tupperware shows its new item along with a couple of kitchen devices. In any case, under ‘Shop’ menu, it has recorded various items. These incorporate cooler, cutlery, lunch arrangements, and microwave. This is a reasonable sign that this organization bargains in new nourishments and kitchen machines. It has caught this obviously by showing an item in every class on its site. Be that as it may, for Rubbermaid, the most noticeable items on its site are cleaning instruments. Others are highlighted and assessed items which continue changing relying upon buys. By causing cleaning instruments to show up in trust page, the organization is indicating that these apparatuses are its principle items or they are the most famous brands. All things considered, they should be in the main page since they are generally looked for. Different items are found in ‘Shop Products’ where the items are shown by classes. O n item examination, Rubbermaid sells an assortment of items going from house hold merchandise to business products. Both Tupperware and Rubbermaid home pages don't give value subtleties for any item. Which means, a client utilizing cost and item as search words would maybe not see the two sites on the main page of web index. Be that as it may, under every item recorded ‘Shop’ menu on Tupperware’s site there is a value appended to it. For example, the cost of cooler mate as showed on the site is 29 dollars. By including costs, Tupperware, decreases customers dynamic time since significant data is profited. A customer doesn't have to call or send requests before playing out the buy. On the other hand, Rubbermaid doesn't give costs

Diffusion Across a Selectively Permeable Membrane

Diffusion Across a Selectively Permeable Membrane The vital activity of any living organism is determined by the vital activity of its constituent units-cells. The main structure of any cell that regulates it is the biological membrane. Possessing selective permeability, the biological membrane regulates the concentration of metabolic products, their transport and metabolism in the cells and their parts itself. The regulation of the metabolism through membranes depends, on the one hand, on the activity of the cell itself, and on the other hand, on the chemical properties of the membranes. To start from the beginning, let’s clary some questions: what name is given to the process by which water crosses a selectively permeable definition? what is the definition of membrane being selectively permeable? and how does diffusion help in transferring the material inside the cell? Definition of Diffusion Diffusion is the process of a substance spreading out from its origin. Molecules diffuse through random molecular motion which allows some substances to pass more easily than others. In science, they can be called selectively permeable membranes. The term permeability is explained as the ability of cells and tissues to absorb, secrete and transport chemicals, passing them through cell membranes, vessel walls and epithelial cells. Cells are selectively permeable, meaning that their membranes allow some substances to cross easily while others are unable to cross without assistance. Cell membranes are selectively permeable, in part because its pores are small, allowing the cell to prevent larger molecules from moving across the membrane. Living cells are always in a state of continuous exchange of chemicals with each other and the environment itself. This process of moving, interchanging and permeability is always happening, even when a system appears to have reached equilibrium, because molecules are always moving. Selectively permeable membrane However, there are some obstacles in substances being transferred through. Sometimes diffusing particles encounter regions in which the permeability is reduced, but not zero. One example of such a region is called a membrane, a thin barrier that might be made of cellulose, plastic, glass, or phospholipid; or the barrier might be a biological membrane consisting of a complex mixture of lipids and proteins. In addition, membranes alter the rate at which particles can diffuse, and they do so selectively. That is, they allow some particles to pass freely, retard the passage of others to varying degrees and completely prevent the passage of still others. Indeed, cells use a whole array of membrane proteins, called carriers and channels, to regulate (and sometimes rapidly change) the permeability of what would otherwise be an impermeable lipid bilayer. Membranes, through their selective alteration of the otherwise inexorable process of diffusion, cause a number of interesting cellular phenomena. When water can cross the membrane and dissolved particles cannot, osmosis occurs. When charged particles can cross and those with the opposite charge can not, diffusion potentials are generated. In other words, if the speed of the solutes molecule transferred through the molecule’s membrane is commensurable with the speed of the water molecules being transferred, the magnitude of such forces will be close to zero. Thus, no osmotic change in cell volume. But if the cell membrane is impenetrable for a given substance, then the osmotic change in cell volume is goes to its maximum. Of course, the speed or the rate of molecular penetration through the cell membrane depends on the size of the molecule. To conclude, living cells, like the organism as a whole, are an open system with a constant exchange of material and energy. During this exchange, the process of permeability of the substances takes place in the cell through membranes. The study of the structures and characteristics of biological membranes plays an important role in medicine, since many pathological processes in the cell are associated with a violation of membrane functions. Violation of the functions of cellular and intracellular membranes underlies irreversible cell damage and, as a consequence, the development of severe diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous, endocrine system which have enormous effect on humans health.

Introduction to Negligence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2925 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Tort Essay Did you like this example? Discuss what is meant by a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"duty of careà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in the tort of negligence. Explain the test which is applied in the tort of negligence to determine whether the defendant breached the legal duty of care owed to the claimant. What factors would a court take into account when determining how a reasonable person would act? Duty of care Test applied for determining Factors court would take into account to determine how a reasonable person would act Tort law Tort in general are a set of rights, obligation that are provided to the citizen by a civil court in order to maintain safety of people and provide remedies for persons who have been inflicted suffering/losses by the wrongdoings of other citizens. (https://legaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Tort+Law) A tort is a wrongdoing by a citizen towards another for which he/she is tried in the court of law. The plaintiff is the person against whom the wrong has been committed and who has suffered losses. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Introduction to Negligence" essay for you Create order Whereas, the person because of whom the damages/losses have occurred to the plaintiff is known as the defendant. The law of tort is obtained from common law principles that have come from case laws and legislative enactment. Torts are not dependent on any sort of agreement between the two parties involved and this is how tort law is distinguishable from breach of contract or any other type of law. Moreover, it is the citizen who brings the tort case even though criminal prosecutions are applied by the state. Defendants, in case of tort law, do not receive fines and neither do civil courts incarcerate them. (https://www.findlaw.co.uk/law/government/constitutional_law/500400.html) The word tort is derived from a latin word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"torquereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, meaning incorrect or twisted. There was no separate legal action under the English common law. In place of tort the English law system provided plaintiffs with two options of reparation: trespass for direct injuries an d for indirect injury, action on the case. In time, other civil wrongdoings were also recognized by the English common law, for ex Defamation, libel, slander. English common law became popular in America and they started adopting it. The first U.S. treatises that were published had a portion of common law which was created under the tort law. Every tort action requires some criteria to be fulfilled. First, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant had a legal obligation to act in a particular manner. Second, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant breached this duty by acting in a wrong way. Third, the plaintiff must be able to prove that he suffered losses, damage and injury because of the defendant not being able to follow his legal duty. (https://legaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Tort+Law) The law of tort aims to serve the following objectives. First, tort law aims at providing compensation to the plaintiff for injury/losses suffered due to the misdoings of the de fendant. Second, it tries to punish the defendant by making them pay for the cost of such losses/injury. Third, it seeks to make sure that such an irresponsible, careless behavior is discouraged in the future. Lastly, tort law seeks to claim the legal rights that are compromised or diminished. The above mentioned objectives me into play when the tort liability is imposed on defendants for negligence, intentional misdoings. Types of tort Intentional Torts Intentional tort is when a citizen or a group of people purposely indulge in an activity that harms or causes damage to another. For example, one person attacking another in a fight will be considered as an intentional act that would come under this tort. Seeing the above example it may look like an intentional tort may be categorized as a criminal case, but there are some differences between them. A crime can be thought of as when an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actions damages or injures the interest of the society. W hereas, an intentional tort is when the actions of an individual affects/injures the property/well-being of one individual. While in a criminal case the charges are brought on by the government and can lead to jail sentence, in a tort the victim presses the charges against the defendant and is usually seeking for monetary compensation for the injury/damages caused by the defendant. Negligence Every individual/citizen is anticipated to behave in a particular manner and conduct themselves responsibly. This is also considered as a legal duty of the citizens as this would reduce the risk of damage/injury/harm to the others. If a citizen fails to abide by these requirements he/she is said to be negligent and the act comes under negligence. Tort of negligence has been the most prevalent tort. A lot different than the tort of intention, negligence tort doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t consider intentional actions by a person, whereas it takes into account the cases where an individual acts carelessly and fails to obey the above mentioned legal duties towards fellow citizen causing them harm/injury/damage. The most common case is of slip and fall wherein a property owner fails to behave as a rational person would, hence causing harm to the visitor. Strict Liability This type of tort (strict/absolute) involves imposing responsibility, for a damage/injury/harm, on the person who has done wrong without the requirement of proof of negligence or intention. What only count is that an action transpired which eventually led to injury/damage/harm of another person. The most major example is of defective products, where the liability is imposed irrespective of intent. In such cases the only requirement the injured person has to fulfill is to prove that the injury was directly caused by the malfunction of the product in order to have the law on their side. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s intention is this case is not taken into consideration. Business tort (https://www .inc.com/articles/1999/11/15387.html) In business tort the damage is not done to an individual but to imperceptible assets such as economic interest or business relations or contracts. Fraudulent Misrepresentation Fraudulent misrepresentation aims at protecting an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic interests and also their right to reasonable and true treatment. If a plaintiff wishes to file a fraud claim he/she must prove that the defendant purposely misrepresented a fact which the plaintiff relied on and was eventually harmed/suffered losses due to the misrepresentation. For example, if a company presents factually wrong/misleading financial statements to a bank in order to procure a loan and the bank relying on those statements provides the loan then the bank is eligible to file a case for fraud against the company if they arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t able to pay the loan back. Fraud claim can be filed if the defendant had the duty to disclose a fact but he/she failed to do so. Like for instance a financial advisor on behalf of both buyer and seller may be held for fraud if he has knowledge about the toxic content of the property and fails to tell this to the buyer. TORT OF NEGLIGENCE The most common kind of tort that one comes across is the tort of negligence and is generally used to represent behavior that causes the unreasonable risk of harm to other individuals. There are a few elements that are required to be established for the negligence tort. They are as follows: A duty of care should exist between the plaintiff and the defendant. The defendant breaching that duty of care. Defendants breach causes direct harm/ injury/damage to the plaintiff. DUTY OF CARE A duty of care is when a person is required to behave carefully, with responsibility and attention towards other individuals in a way a reasonable person would. If the individual fails to meet the expected standard of care then they behavior is considered negligent and any damage/harm resulting from it may be filed for negligence it the court of law. (https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/duty+of+care) Judges making decisions in various cases involving tort of negligence has led to the gradual development of duty of care. This first came to light in a case of negligence of donoghuev v Stevenson (1932) in which the plaintiff (mrs. Donoghuev) went to a cafÃÆ' © with a friend of hers. Her friend brought her a drink of ginger beer and ice cream. The contents of the beer couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be seen as it was in a dark bottle. Mrs. Donoghuev drank some of the beer and then poured the rest out and to her shock saw a dead, decomposing snail in the drink . This horrified mrs. Donoghuev and led to her becoming ill. The main reason of her falling ill was the sight and the ginger beer she had already drunk. In spite of clear negligence on the part of the manufacturer mrs. Donoghuev couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t claim against the manufacturer or the shopkeeper based on contract since she wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t the one who bought the drink. Mrs. Donoghuevà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s friend bought the drink hence she could claim against the cafÃÆ' © based on contract, but again since her friend didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t suffer any kind of illness/losses apart from the fact that she had bought the defective good. In this case the only remedy that could be provided was money back to the friend and no remedy for mrs. Donoghuevà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s health. Hence, mrs. Donoghuev decided to file a claim against the drinkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s manufacturer (Stevenson). Her claims were based on the stomach illness and resulting shock from the consumption of t he beer and the sight respectively. Whether her claim against the drinkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s manufacturer would succeed or no was now dependent on the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision. This situation led to lord Atkinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s famous statement. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law, you must not injure your neighbour; and the lawyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s question, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Who is my neighbour?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ receives a restricted reply.You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour.Who, then, in law is my neighbour? The answer seems to be: persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Donoghuev v stevenson (1932) was the first attempt that succeeded to set out a general principle with respect to the concept of the duty of care. As the lawyers began to realize that the above mentioned principle could be changed to be used with various types of cases, the test was restructured to create the three part test in the case of caparo v dickman (1990) The general parameters set in the test for caparo v dickman were as follows It should be reasonably foreseeable that an individual in the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s position was at risk of injury/harm/damage. There should be satisfactory proximity between the two parties. Proximity here means that two parties involved should be close enough such that it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reasonably foreseeableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that negligence by one party leads to damage/injury to the other party. It should be just, rational and realistic to enforce liability on the defendant. All the above mentioned parameters should be met if a duty of care is to be payable by the defendant to the plaintiff. Also there is a necessity for each part to be proved and explained separately and unambiguously. Caparo Test The First Part à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Foreseeablility This test is objective. Would it be foreseeable that someone in the claimants place might be injured by a reasonable individual? In Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) it can be seen that the consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s health will be affected if the snail gets into the bottle. This particular situation is of supplying consumable products with foreign bodies in it and a reasonable individual would be able to foresee that the consumer (plaintiff) may very likely be injured. In the case of Kent v Griffiths (2000) a patient was suffering from a serious asthma attack and therefore a doctor ordered an ambulance to take the patient to the hospital immediately. The ambulance control centre received the messaged and they acknowledged it. Without any acceptable reason the ambulance arrived very late, the result of which was that the patient suffered a heart attack. The heart attack could have been avoided if she had been attended to earlier. A reasonable individual would find it foreseeable that that the ambulanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failure to arrive in time would cause the patient to suffer from serious harm. There have also been various cases where the courts have decided that it isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t reasonably foreseeable that the plaintiff would suffer harm. For instance, in Bournhill v Young (1943) a motorcyclist crashed into a car and was killed due to driving too fast. Mrs. Bournhill, who was very close to the scene, was eight months pregnant. Mrs. Bournhill only heard the incident but didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t actually see it. As she witnessed the blood on the road and body it led to her experiencing a severe shock which further led to her baby being born still. She filed a case against the motorcyclist blaming him for her plight. But the court denied her claims as they decided that the motorcyclist couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have reasonably foreseen that his accident would affect mrs. Bournhill, hence he didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t owe any duty of care to her. The Second Part à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Proximity A duty of care exists only when the harm caused is reasonably foreseeable and also if the relation between the plaintiff and the defendant is sufficiently close. The same can also be seen in the case of Osman v Ferguson (1993) in which the police officers were aware of the risk the victim was at. The victim was hence murdered by the attacker. During the proceedings the courts established that the plaintiff and defendant had a sufficiently close relationship. However, the case failed because it was decided that it isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t fair, just to impose a duty of care on the police. The Third Part à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Fair, just and reasonable Generally, courts refrain from imposing a duty of care on the public authorities. However, is few situations the police do somehow owe a duty of care. In the case of MPC v Reeves (2001) a man with suicidal tendencies was taken into custody by the police. He hanged himself to death in the cell while he was in custody. In this particular case the police did owe the victim a duty of care. Breach of Duty Once a claimant has proved the duty of care is owed he must then show that the defendant breached that duty. This is merely when the defendant falls below the standard of care appropriate to the duty. Breach of duty is measured objectively by the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reasonable man testà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The reasonable man is the ordinary person performing the particular task: he is expected to perform it reasonably competently. Thus, when I am riding my bicycle, I am expected to be a reasonably competent cyclist who can ride a bicycle. Therefore, a number of factors that can be considered to raise or lower the standard. This is logical because a reasonable person will rightly take greater risks in an emergency, and take more care when the risk of harm is greater. For a breach of duty to occur, the court will take four factors into account: Now that the plaintiff has proved that duty of care exists the next step is to show that the defendant has breached that duty. -Thedegree of r iskinvolved: the greater the risk, the more the defendant has to take care. (Bolton v Stone 1951). -Thecost of precautions: the courts will see how high the risk is involved, and then take into account the expense of taking precautions to prevent that risk (Bolton v Stone and Latimer v AEC). -Potential seriousness of injures: so if there is a very high risk of serious injury, the more the defendant needs to be very careful (Paris v Stepney B.C. 1951). -Theimportance of the activity: in an emergency, sometimes it is not possible to reflect, think of a possible risk (Marshall v Osmand 1982). Standard for expertsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" where the defendant has some expertise, for example, he is a doctor carrying out medical treatment, then the standard of care is that which would normally be expected from a doctor. InBolam v Friern Hospital Management (1957)the judge said: A man need not possess the highest expert skill; it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ sufficient if he exercises the ord inary skill of an ordinary competent man exercising that particular art. In some situations, it is difficult to know exactly what happened, although it is found obvious that the defendant was negligent. In these situations a rule calledres ipsa loquitur, which means (things speak for themselves) was developed by judges. It has to be shown that:  ·The defendant was in control of the situation (causing injury).  ·The injury was more likely than not to be caused by negligence. If the claimant proves these two things then the defendant has to prove that he was not negligent. This rule was shown in the case ofScott v London and St. Katherine Docks (1865)where the claimant was hit by six bags of sugar which fell from the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s warehouse. The claimant could not say why the bags had fallen but the court ruled that the facts spoke for themselves and it was up to the defendant to prove that he was not negligent.

The Awakening By Kate Chopin - 861 Words

Women would never dream of disobeying their husbands because it had been ingrained in their brains that the act of defiance was punishable due to it being a force of rebellion. However, not every eccentric act is undoubtedly wrong. Some actions may be for the betterment of an individual that is struggling to find themselves in a sea of societal regulations. In the controversial book The Awakening by Kate Chopin, Edna Pontellier loses sight of her moral responsibility, to be an obedient and loyal wife as well as a caring mother, when she starts to symbolically view her life as a nonpartisan women would. Edna Pontellier abolishes the expectations set forth by the cruel and corrupt society when she starts thinking for herself and refuses to surrender to her husband. It is argued internally by many friends of Edna s that she is clinically insane when she purchases her own home due to the fact that she is supposed to be under the control of her husband. This house is a symbol of the independent women Edna is becoming as she begins to withdrawal from the chains society has bound her in. This revitalization added to her strength and expansion as an individual, due to the fact that she was relieving herself from obligations that she considered to be trifling. Her husband bribed her with unnecessary luxuries such as a journey abroad which he had promised her so long [ago] in hopes that he could keep her loyal. If the unspoken regulations that society had put on women didn tShow MoreRelatedThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1479 Words   |  6 PagesKate Chopin’s controversial novel, The Aw akening, ignited turmoil because of her blatant disregard of the established 19th century perspective of women upholding strictly maternal and matrimonial responsibilities. Edna’s candid exploration of the restrictions on women through her liberal behavior in a conservative Victorian society makes her a literary symbol for feminist ideals. Despite denunciation from other people, Edna chooses individuality over conformity through her veering from traditionalRead MoreThe Awakening by Kate Chopin1102 Words   |  5 Pagesveracity of this quote as both find their independence by boldly exceeding the norm. Their stories were fashioned during a period of great change and both characters are hallmarks of the hope and power women were unearthing at the time. The Awakening by Kate Chopin and Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy are novels concerned with the transformation of women’s roles in society. Their protagonists, Tess and Edna, are not outright feminists, bu t they are acutely aware of the limitations imposed uponRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1919 Words   |  8 PagesIn the novel, The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, we see how much of an importance the men in Edna’s life serve as a purpose to her awakening. Chopin is known to write stories about women who are unsatisfied with their lives while living in a life that is dominated by men. Other than Edna, the main men characters are typical men of the late 19th century era. Chopin shows how these three men are diverse from one another. The Creole men are Là ©once Pontellier, Edna’s husband, Robert, Edna’s mystery man numberRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin901 Words   |  4 Pagescandidly. Kate Chopin is honorably amongst this group of authors. Her works divinely portrayed the culture of New Orleans and the lives of Louisiana s Creole and Cajun residents. Chopin openly express her views on sex, marriage, and the injustices of women during the time. Kate Cho pin’s novel, The Awakening, best exemplifies the contextual achievement of realism through the rejection of conformity, the exploration of love, and the weight of social opinion on individual choices. The Awakening is publishedRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1222 Words   |  5 Pages The Awakening By: Kate Chopin Emely Maldonado AP LIT Period 3 Topic 3 Maldonado 1 Displacement The late 1800s and the 1900s was a prison for woman’s individuality. During this time period, stereotypical views of women were commenced by society and men. In the era that the novel, The Awakening by Kate Chopin was published, the gender roles were graved in stone, men would work to maintain their family and women would adhere to the house-hold duties. Dissatisfaction with theRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1193 Words   |  5 PagesDavian Hart The Awakening By: Kate Chopin AP Literature Topic 3 Hart 1 Over the course of time the male species has always been the gender to attain the more favorable conditions. Numerous cultures heed to the belief that the man is the provider and head of his family. This machismo nature can condition the mind to believe that a man should feel superior to a woman. The continuous cycle of male superiority flows down from father to son subconsciously. Do to this unceasingRead MoreThe Awakening, By Kate Chopin887 Words   |  4 Pages Feminism has been a term used by many authors and writers for centuries, symbolizing women being able to use freedom the way they want to, not the way others want them to use it. Edna Pontellier, the main character in Kate Chopin’s novel The Awakening, experiences an â€Å"awakening† in her life, where she discovers her position in the universe and goes in this direction instead of what others like her husband Leonce tell her to take, similar to the style of feminism. â€Å"In short, Mrs. Pontellier was beg inningRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1427 Words   |  6 Pagessuffering an imposition (Moderata). Throughout history, the inherent inferiority of women to men has often been cited as a way to deter women from becoming an individual and pursuing more in life. This notion is a prevalent issue in The Awakening by Kate Chopin; in which Edna fights to live her own way and is ultimately unable to survive in the cage of society. Not only has this supposed inferiority effected women for generations, but it has created inequality in our society today; especially inRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1633 Words   |  7 Pages1. Title of text (underline novels/plays) author’s name The Awakening by Kate Chopin 2. Characterization Character Development (a) 1.Edna Pontellier- Edna is the main character of the novel who is married to a businessman. Edna is a dynamic character because at the beginning of the novel, she conforms to society by being the â€Å"perfect† mother and wife; however, Edna suddenly realizes that she is no longer happy with the way she was living her life and began to become independent only for herRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin915 Words   |  4 PagesMany of Kate Chopin’s writings are trademarked by her unique, deliberate word choices. Chopin uses phrases that do not make sense and seem to contradict themselves to get across a point. In two of her stories, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and â€Å"The Awakening,† Chopin’s word usage highlights the idea of self-discovery. â€Å"The Awakening† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† share similar themes. â€Å"The Awakening† is the story of a woman in the late 1800s discovering her apathy for her traditional female role as a wife

Lies Youve Been Told About Apa Bib

Lies You've Been Told About Apa Bib Using Apa Bib Before you compose your bibliography, you need to develop your background research program. If you wish to conserve the citation to your bibliography then you have to produce an account which is completely free. Your citation will be there in a couple of seconds. The in-text citation is intended to direct the readers to the correct source in the reference list. One of the fundamental characteristic of bibliography APA format is that names of all of the authors arrive in the very first example of in-text citation. When you choose us to assist you with a bibliography APA making you know which you are receiving the best assistance possible. Some professors also require including a comprehensive bibliography. Among the biggest reasons to make an APA format bibliography is just to produce the research and writing process simpler. The very first paragraph provides a concise overview of the author's project in the book, covering the principal points of the job. Our APA in text citation generator cares for the most critical part that's Bibliography. Now you're ready to start writing your very own annotated bibliography. Same way there's a specific format to incorporate a guide, website etc. in your bibliography. You've already produced a paper, revised it for several times, and wish to remove it finally. It's possible to create a citation at any moment and also return and edit it as many times as you would like. Therefore, it can be hard to stay informed about everything. Bibliographies might be good way to keep an eye on information that you may want to utilize in your paper and as a means to organize and keep tabs on the data that you find in various sources. Students may contact us to find the services by contacting through e-mail and social networking pages that are found on our portal. They are l ooking for low prices, discounts and free services. Definitions of Apa Bib Using citations in the APA referencing style can be an extremely tough job for those writers, particularly if they are handling plenty of information. It's important to not forget that APA guidelines change over time, therefore it's important to remain current with the newest information. APA is called the American Psychological Association. It can generate references for various varieties of digital sources. Compile each of the sources that you may possibly use in your paper. Bibliography is owned by the obligatory components of the majority of academic papers. Accordingly, it's possible to have the necessary journal, books and relevant sources which are necessary by the students. APA bibliography format involves framing the principal citations in accordance with the standards of APA. Life After Apa Bib Evaluative annotations will be able to help you learn about your topic, develop a thesis statement, decide if a particular source will be helpful for your assignment, and determine if there's enough valid information readily available to finish your undertaking. The interface of the site is likewise very well designed and all the things are self-explanatory so the user doesn't locate any difficulty when using Bibme. Our generator can easily manage any job! Like I said before that citations can be write in numerous formats based on your preferred option. In-text references have to be included following using a quote or paraphrase taken from another bit of work. Subsequent references don't have to incorporate this detail. Continually check your references to internet documents. Within the next step, you've got to copy and paste the annotation in your document and this generally leads to a formatting change. An annotation is more than just a concise overview of a guide, book, Web site or other sort of publication. It should give enough information to make a reader decide whether to read the complete work. Drop down two lines following your bibliographic citation and start your annotation.

Supermarket Industry Coles and Woolworths Power

Question: Discuss about the Supermarket Industry for Coles and Woolworths Power. Answer: Introduction This is a critical analysis which analyzes whether Cole and Woolworths enjoy extreme market power in the supermarket industry in Australia. Woolworths and Coles are extremely dominant in the supermarket industry, as revealed by the national survey. The Master Grocers Australia or Liquor Retailers Australia discovered that seventy-two percent of Australians hold a belief that the two supermarkets giants are extremely dominant. Solely twenty-two of the people interviewed believed there was a healthy competition, whereas seventy-five percent believed the two supermarkets need the competition laws to be strengthened. The two supermarkets; Coles and Woolworths have precisely extreme market power in Australian Supermarket Industry. This can clearly be demonstrated through private labels groceries they both own. These private label goods remain habitually inexpensive compared to branded commodities (Parker 2003). They are rising in attractiveness for example, in the eye to the Commonwealth of Australia, the private label milk presently accounts for over seventy-one percent of the market. The competitiors appeal to various customer segments, escalating prices as well as profits whereas escaping the head-to-out fight. In comparison, Coles and Woolworths have played a 100-year long game of copycat. The two supermarkets stores possess a range of stores like Target, Dan Murphys, Big W, Dick Smith, BWS, and Bunnings besides other hardware chains as well as electronic outlets. Twenty-three cents of every dollar spent by the Australian consumers drive to Coles and Woolworths. Both Woolworths and Coles have created over 6500 operating stores throughout Australia. They both involved in the fuel market via Caltex as well as Shell. Coles and Woolworths share over seventy percent of the Australian market and control over eighty percent of the grocery market in Australia. Both Coles and Woolworths benefit the customers, community, economy, retail industry, wholesalers and other supermarkets. Nevertheless, there is a belief that the dominance of Coles and Woolworths will continue over a prolonged period of time as they rivals have not yet accomplished their level of market growth. The two supermarkets are dominating the supermarket industry even though the markets shares between them are narrow since Aldi is gradually narrowing the margin with substantial gains. The duopolys market concentration has already undergone too far and hence people do not hold a belief that there is a healthy competition. People are becoming more concerned that they are the people being harmed by the prices due to lack of variety and choice. People are further concerned about the broader impact on the Australian society. It is perceived that there is a partial influence on Australia farmers as well as suppliers that have been compelled to heed to the market power of both Coles and Woolworths (Smith 2001). The Coles and Woolworths are the Australias two enormous supermarket stores and they control the local food system. There is a need for a greater diversity in food system of Australia to permit justifiable co-existence between trivial as well as indigenous agricultural suppliers besides venders, alongside the supermarket goliaths. An enhanced equilibrium between buyer power as well as seller power has to be supported as well as narrowly supervised, to make sure the avoidance of unfair influence. The government policies has to put in place to safeguard as well as offer incentives for the domestic farmers as well as suppliers inside the competitive food system. Supermarkets enjoy a snowballing roles in the Australian agricultural industry development. An increasing share of the market for both Coles and Woolworths has established a stimulating surroundings for a great number of Australian farmers as well as suppliers. It has resulted in apprehensions which the present inequity in the market power, favoring the main supermarkets, remains damaging to the agricultural sector in Australia. The primary encounter is to make sure that a suitable level of safeguard occurs to permit the sustained running of small as well as medium-sized agribusiness as well as retailers thereby promoting the competition in the agricultural industry. Unless restrained, this power play might jeopardize the Australias food system stability besides having a broader food security insinuations. The Australian Food Market The supermarket sector in Australia is conquered by a hand-picked cohort of trade units, of whom Coles and Woolworths remain the economys giants. Both Coles and Woolworths have knowledgeable noteworthy development over the previous four decades; over doubling up their merged share of market to more than seventy percent of the supermarket or grocery industry of Australia. The viability of these two giants has augmented meaningfully; by forty percent as well as twenty-four percent respectively with a real possibility for further growth. Coles and Woolworths substantial market power warrants the multinationals the capability of determining the prices, affecting entrance barricades as well as establishing a level of anticipation in the industry. This ability exerts heaviness on the entire food stores in Australia. Various domestic agriculturalists are positioned in a compromising or susceptible situation by the decision reached by Coles and Woolworths, if they relate to valuing, the transaction volume as well as other profitable methods. Concentrated Power in Food System in Australia The market power describes the uneven inspiration beyond the trade terms. As venders slowly augment their respective share of market, they can amalgamate their respective position inside the food chains supply. This entails the enlargement into the processing, production as well as distribution zones. The consumers of Woolworths and Coles have knowledgeable remarkable gains from their growth, especially via enhanced accessibility to increased sensible commodities. Such gains, and their respective present merits for the food security of Australia must not be inconspicuous. Despite the existence of some issues, nevertheless, these procedures eventually risk the financial feasibility of several farmers of Australia. Woolworths and Coles account for a substantial degree of Australian economic wealth. These 2 chains merged together recruit merely below three-hundred thousand Australians. Moreover, such employment chances, the enormousness of the two chains maneuvers offers the markets (primary) for domestic agriculturalists thereby warranting them wider accessibility to the end-customers beyond the possible with the minor retailers. Such chains can meet consumer preferences with a variety of the commodities are affordable prices. The purchasing operations size of Coles and Woolworths permits these chains to control negotiation terms to acquire suitable harvest at the least cost. The above mentioned gains are of special significance to the populace as they culminate into short-term affordability of food. Over the previous 3 years, Coles and Woolworths have declined their prices averagely by eleven percent alongside 6 percent in that order. Strategies of discounting employed by the two chains enhance the variety of food alternatives existing to the consumers at reduced charges for goods. Identified Issues The overstretched power of market of Woolworths alongside Coles, nevertheless, is further answerable for substantial subjects touching local suppliers in food system of Australia. The lessening market share of the self-reliance sellers leaves the great percentage of contractors with restrained choice but to bargain with Coles and Woolworths. This duopolistic market surroundings makes sure that the supermarket hulks brandish substantial influence over the price negotiation as well as standardization demands. The power of market in the Australian system of food is a primary a matter in the country. The Coles alongside Woolworths powerful duopoly precisely brings problems to SMEs as well as domestic farmers, who are battling to co-exist with these giant supermarkets. Presently, this makes the condition gains customers which will persist in short-run. The pressure (financial) on SMEs food dealers like such pressures as deflationary price as well as anxieties for augmented production, nevertheless, are unmaintainable in the long run and hence have the potential of threatening the domestic food security. Partnership, accountability alongside transparency between dealers and supermarkets has to be enhanced, to make sure the mechanisms engaged advocate for competitive system of food. Woolworths and Coles Competition Not Good for Australia This part examines whether the competition between Coles besides Woolworths is essential for the economy of Australia presently and unto the upcoming years. Coles and Woolworths are enormous, differentiated supermarkets. The Woolworths possesses a collection of brands for retail crossways over-all markdown retail, electronics, hardware, liquor, hospitality, grocery whereas Coles overstretches and beyond; besides brands for retail in groceries, hardware, alcohol as well as office suppliers to insurance products, industrial safety, fertilizer operations as well as coal mining. The grocery processes of both Coles and Woolworths have augmented steadily in value in the latest decades. This has been assisted partially by price wars among the rivals that have assisted in bringing up the consumers. The divergence of Coles as well as Woolworths unto additional retail services alongside sectors makes sure that they remain protected, in contrast to self-governing grocers, arising from trivial pressures on food price. Accordingly, it has established a jagged playing ground in the grocery industry of Australia. Rebelliously, both corporations may as well as escalate prices of grocery to speak to shortages in other sectors. The outlets of Woolworths and Coles are presently multiplying crossways the regional and metropolitan centers of Australia. The extension of duopoly is making the minor firms to exit, especially in local areas that can never compete with giant supermarkets. Thus associates to occupation losses as well as income for the ventures owned by families. The restrained amount of players in the retail sector has augmented the dependence of suppliers on this sector as a conduit to hit final consumers. However, it is negative for the economy as it deprives farmers as well as food manufacturers of the flexibility as well as power to negotiate their contract footings. The competition of these two giants leads to marketing levies. This is because in their respective marketing messages, they frequently display as fresh as well as local produce sellers at affordable or reduced charges. Coles and Woolworths are currently utilizing celeb chiefs, Jamie Oliver alongside Curtis Stone for Coles and Woolworths respectively for broadcasting such buzzwords for marketing to potential consumers. These strategies are currently hitting new as well as expensive heights. The latest reports indicate shifting the costs of Woolworths Jamies Garden marketing campaigns especially on the stores suppliers of vegetable; charging farmers who are already being levied by the chain in terms of a marketing charge of 2.5-5% for marketing their respective commodities. The spokes persons of Woolworths make argument that is wholly voluntary whether growers make a decision to opt-in as well as make payment for the novice tax. Several farmers have also registered their concerns regarding such levies, making arguments that they lack choices in this issue: either by making payment for the levy, or facing prospects of dropping their respective agreements with the enormous groceries stores of Australia. The Jamies Garden instance indicates the persistently diminishing farm gate revenues encouraged by the maneuvers of the commanding supermarket duopoly of Australia. As Woolworths and Coles endure to amalgamate their respective closed-consumer chains of supply, supplier suffer huge costs as well as flagging their financial viability in the long run. The competition is not good for the economy of Australia due to the rock-bottom price marketing. The antagonism to the duopoly power through competition augmented in the year 2011, whereby Woolworths alongside Coles vended milk at one dollar a litre. Here, the growing matter of anti-competitive behavior by these giant supermarkets was exemplified; disapproved for utilizing their respective market power thereby disadvantaging additional vendors as well as dairy agriculturalists. The inexpensive milk advertising endangered the native farmers livelihoods, as decreased prices culminated in the decline in returns of farm-gate. The one dollar a litre advertising unfocussed several customers to the home- brand milk in this duration, contributing to seventy-two percent of Coles total milk sales in the year twenty-eleven. During the price war, averagely, growers acquire amidst twenty and thirty cents per litre of supplied milk to these two giant supermarkets, far below the cost of production for several farmers of dairy. Such gains by farmers from augmented exposure to market, might fall short of adequacy to capture their respective expenses as well as permit possibility for re-investing in respective dealings. This result might be practicable in short-term; nevertheless, long-run campaigns can culminate in continuous squat margins of profit for the respective contractors thereby risking the SMEs endurance in agricultural industry. Illustratively, year twenty-eleven, pricing crush compelled lots of dairy farmers of Australia, thirty in Queensland solely, into disposing off their respective farms. The competition is also bad for Australia due to anti-competitive behavior related to home-branding practices which have been witnessed via the propagation of privately-labelled commodities seeming on shelves of supermarkets. Woolworths alongside Coles are snowballing their respective array of Home-brand products in collaboration with particular providers, under stringent demands for production. Such commodities make it difficult as well as expensive for small as well as self-governing brands to be exposed within key outlets as well as effectively compete the home brands. This practice has led to lack of choices for consumers while Coles hold that consumers will eventually make a decision for what commodities to buy and will simply shop somewhere else. However, such a choice remains unaffordable among all Australians, with many consumers currently do not have accessibility to affordable retailers of food except Coles alongside Woolworths. Such anti-competitive behaviors eventually de crease competitiveness as well as diversity in local food system as well as run danger of a supermarket-ushered extermination of minor, frequently family-run, enterprises as well as brands. Competition between Coles and Woolworths has also increased vulnerabilities of resources of food to security as well as risks linked to environment. Moreover, negligible production as well as capacities for storage in remote regions, further culminate in the rise of food recompenses that leave local, principally homegrown, populace with restrained admittance to fresh as well as nourishing food. Such a situation will culminate into an unbalanced food system locally; far much susceptible to price as well as supply shocks. Thus, there will be an undesirable insinuations for food convenience as well as security in Australia. Conclusion The long-term food security for the Australian economy is dependent on the maintenance of diversification of both produce and producers. The government of Australia should employ mechanisms that make sure that retailer behaviors never encroach on power balances between sellers alongside buyers of food in Australia (Keith 2012). The development of Coles and Woolworths if left unlimited, will have the potential to destabilize the food system of Australia in the long run to the disadvantage of the security of food relished by the citizens of Australia. It is significant that the being of a varied array of food manufacturers in the country be achieved through ensuring a reinstated balance of power between seller and buyer in food system. However, it is essential that a change in the system in the direction of seller power is no much noticeable that the suppliers may determine the prices for retailing beyond the competitive degrees, deflating the present typical of food approachability in the country. References Keith, S., 2012. Coles, Woolworths and the local. Locale: The Australasian-Pacific Journal of Regional Food Studies, 2, pp.47-81. Parker, A.J., 2003. Deregulating and developing dairy-food chain relationships: implications for farm business management in south east Queensland. Smith, S., 2001. Deregulation and National Competition Policy and its effect on rural and regional areas.

Mercedes Zuniga Essays - Education, Knowledge Sharing, Learning

Mercedes Zuniga Professor Norton English 1C 23 February 2017 Life Lessons School Taught Me In school one is expected to familiarize oneself with math, science, history and the English language. But s tudents are taught more than just lessons from a textbook. The life lessons learned at school are crucial , and are just as important as the required content one must learn in a classroom. School has been full of great experiences which has and conti nues to prepare me for future obstacles I will encounter throughout adulthood. The truth is, I have forgotten the Quadratic Formula, the number of bones in the body, and the date the Constitution was written but, I will never forget the lessons that have prepared me for life. Speaking the truth, making a difference, and moving ahead all contribute to the aspects of my everyday living. I know these teachings will make a large impact on me as I continue to mature and fo r that I am eternally grateful with all school has amounted to. Even though it goes unnoticed, teachers teach valuable life skills along with all the reading and doing sums in the classroom. A big lesson would be honesty because if one is honest one will be trusted. I learned that lies lead to consequence and a person's lies can make people question the truth of their statement s . For instance, I remember a time when I lied to my teacher about a dumb 9-1-1 call that had been made through the classroom's telephone while we were on recess. I lied and told my teacher I did not know who had placed the call when in reality I did, it was my best friend and I did not want to snitch on her. Because of this action of lying we were sent to the principal's office but since we were known as good students we were sent home that day with a warning. We insisted we would be good but the rest of the year our teacher had doubts about us. When one is a child, one simply just acts with out thinking of the end result but now as an adult, if I were to do that it would lead to serious consequences. Another good example of such would be the end of a marriage and/or the loss of a job. H onesty has a vast impact on oneself because it creates peace of mind and encourages relationships of trust. It is obvious that simply being honest makes life a lot easier. Another life lesson school taught me is the great significance of making a difference. For a long time, I was confused as to what I saw myself doing for the rest of my life after grade school. With the help and guidance of my teachers, I feel as though I have been called to teach. All teachers have directed me one way or another to a good path and have even taught me to become a better person, not only for myself, but also for others. My teachers have permanently prepared me for the future through impacting my views and understandings . T eachers promote creativity, develop character, and provide students with the skills they need to reach their potential and lead productive lives. I do not want to only work for a paycheck, I want to shape the lives of children and make a real impact on the youth. At the end of the day, what matters most is that teachers create a supportive classroom atmosphere in which they can inspire their students to become more confident , motivated, and effective lifelong learners while teaching the subject matter. My favorite elementary school teacher did all this with me, it is thanks to her that I have learned I want to make a difference just as she did with me and my classmates . She instilled values in me that will stay with me forever and have helped me make me who I am today. Since then I have been truly and completely dedicated to something, and that is to someday teach the young ones of tomorrow. To me, nothing seems quite as rewarding as knowing

The eNotes Blog All Things Tolkien Five Ways to Await the Release of TheHobbit

All Things Tolkien Five Ways to Await the Release of TheHobbit If you are counting the days until the December 14, 2012 release date of  The Hobbit (Part I)  chances are you do not have a girlfriend and therefore need to find ways to pass the time. (I kid the geeks I kid. Some of them do not have  boyfriends.) Not to worry. Since its original publication in 1937, and the Lord of the Rings  trilogy that followed (between 1938 and 1949)  Tolkeins world of Hobbits, Ringwraiths, elves, and wizards has enthralled generations, inspiring countless songs, studies, puzzles, tributes, and cosplays. Here are just a few ways you can count down the next 35 days or however they measure time in Middle Earth. 1.   Listen to Led Zeppelins Ramble On on Auto-repeat (Sing along now!) Mines a tale that cant be told, my freedom I hold dear. How years ago in days of old, when magic filled the air. Twas in the darkest depths of Mordor, I met a girl so fair. But Gollum, and the evil one crept up and slipped away with her, her, her.yeah. 2. Trace Middle Earths Family Tree Ever wonder how, exactly, Fingoflin is related to Maeglin? Well, you can be prepared for that next panel discussion at the 2013  Ã‚  Comicon  by memorizing all 817 characters and their relationships to one another. Theres even an app for that! And you can keep up with all the other people interested in the complex  genealogy  of the works by staying in touch on Facebook. 3.   Start Getting Prepared Now  for Comic-Con Every summer the San Diego Convention Center is host to the worlds largest gathering of fantasy.enthusiasts many who dress up in elaborate costumes as homage to their favorite characters. Once only a venue for comic books, Comic-Con now caters to multiple genres including horror, anime, toys, and more. So extend No-Shave November through July and youve likely grown yourself some fine Hobbit feet! 4. Whip up Second Breakfasts and Elevenses Nothing passes the time quite like eating so why not try to make your own delicious Seedcakes, courtesy of   The Lord of the Rings Cookbook.   Whether you need some comfort food for breakfast, second breakfast, elevenses, luncheon, tea, dinner and/or supper, Ms. Kittle has you covered. 5.   How About a   Hobbit Jigsaw Puzzle? Get a pizza, the LOTR  trilogy on DVD, shove the cat(s) off the table and get busy with this vintage two-sided puzzle. Done? Great! Only 4 and a half more weeks to go!

Lewis acid catalysts, eg. Fe3+, Ru3+, Zn2+, etc., for certain organic Thesis Proposal

Lewis acid catalysts, eg. Fe3+, Ru3+, Zn2+, etc., for certain organic transformations - Thesis Proposal Example te possesses a series of basic sites, reaction specificity is necessary for that particular interaction between acid and base so that the desired functionality is achieved and not the other. The Lewis acid predetermines the nature of the intermediate cationic specie. It can be an ion pair, a covalent compound with weak C-X bond or an intermediary compound (Suzuki 1557). Lewis acids found their applications in a range of carbon-carbon forming reactions. Usually, Mukaiyama aldol synthesis (Mukaiyama, Banno, and Narasaka 7503), Diels-Alder reactions (Clayden, Greeves, Warren, and Wothers 905) ene reactions and Friedel-Crafts reaction (Clayden, Greeves, Warren, and Wothers 920) are catalysed by commonly employed Lewis acids such as BF3, TiCl4, SnCl4 and AlCl3. These compounds can activate a series of organic groups and usually exist as dimers, trimmers or oligomers. In most cases, such reactions are highly efficient but with little or no chemo, region or stereoselectivity. It was noted that only small changes in ligands, surrounding the central metal ion can lead to monomeric structures in organic solvents thus increasing their acidity and reactivity. Also, these changes in ligands change the way the newly formed Lewis acids interact with their substrates, thus manifesting new selectivity (Yamamoto and Saito 239). As an example of the idea presented above, two compounds can be put forward: MAD (bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4methylphenoxide) methylaluminum) and ATPH (tris(2,6-diphenylphenoxide) tris(2,6-diphenylphenoxide)). Both compounds were prepared from Me3Al and the corresponding, highly substituted phenol according to the scheme below: Both compounds are highly useful in highly specific chemical transformation. It is possible to lower the activity of the Lewis acids prepared in a way that ATPH was by taking more electron donating organic substrates. Comparing to conventionally employed Lewis acids, it was established that the steric effect of the presented above

Evaluation of structure and composition of early childhood narrative Essay

Evaluation of structure and composition of early childhood narrative - Essay Example 3 "Chinese children, generally speaking, include more narrative components,evaluative information, and temporal markers in their narratives over time.However, the growth patterns and rates of change for each child on eachnarrative measure vary (Chang,Chein Ju 2004,page 83-104)". All of these three criteria (narrative structure, evaluation, and temporality) are kept in mind when analysing the stories I have collected from children in the appropriate age range. This essay will employ the Labovian six part narrative model and Hoey's concept of problem-solution pattern to assess the texts. Appendix (1) shows examples of the concepts that will be employed and tested against the children's narrative. Not all of these elements are present in every story, but a majority of the Labovian model fits the narratives. Appendix (1): Labov's and Hoey's Approaches These two concepts will be used to test the data below. Fig. 1: Labov's six part model (Labov. William, Waletzky.J 1967) ABSTRACT- What happened in the beginning ORIENTATION- Who, where and when COMPLICATING ACTION- What happened EVALUATION- The high point RESOLUTION- What finally happened CODA- Final summary which brings listener and speaker back to the present time Fig. 2: Hoey's concept of predictable patterns Situation (optional) Problem Response OR Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation and Or Result Or Result Hypothesis My hypothesis is that as a child is introduced to... This study builds on many other works as the Labovian model is now frequently used to assess children's narratives, (Kernan, 1977; Eaton, Collis and Lewis, 1999). The idea of linguistic and narrative development in children is also a popular issue. One study that specifically charts the evolution of child narrative with age is Telling stories of experiences: Narrative development of young Chinese children a study by Chien-JuChang in which young Chinese children were visited in their homes at age three years and six months and then at three month intervals for the next nine months. This essay will employ the Labovian six part narrative model and Hoey's concept of problem-solution pattern to assess the texts. Appendix (1) shows examples of the concepts that will be employed and tested against the children's narrative. Not all of these elements are present in every story, but a majority of the Labovian model fits the narratives. My hypothesis is that as a child is introduced to more narrative texts, and comes to identify narrative components, that he or she will

Concept of Figuration: An Analysis

Concept of Figuration: An Analysis Figurational Sociology The concept of figuration grew out of Norbert Eliass best-known work, The Civilizing Process (Elias, 1939/1994). This work provided an analysis of how the European nation state emerged. It analysed social behaviour in modernity, and particularly social interactions. Split into two parts, the work first focussed on an analysis of manners to provide a description and understanding of the way in which modern norms underlying social interactions had developed. The second part of the book looked at how the nation-state had been built in the twentieth century. What Elias was most interested in, the central thesis of the book, was that it was possible for forms of social discipline manners and social norms to be translated into aspects of individual self-discipline (Olofsson, 2000). For Elias, then, there is a clear connection between a tendency towards state centralisation and the development of modern social manners. This is what he called the civilizing process. This essay, therefore, examines the concept of figuration, its theoretical roots in the study of court society, its modern form and the criticisms that have been levelled against it. As will be seen, the argument over the usefulness of the concept of figuration has been highly contested and strongly polarised (Featherstone, 1987). At the heart of Elias work are a number of concepts figuration is best understood within these. The concepts are interdependence, functional differentiation, self-control and power differences. Social change for Elias mostly results from the effects of functional differentiation. This is an idea shared with writers like Marx who placed the division of labour at the centre of his theory. For Elias, though, this functional differentiation leads to increasing levels of interdependence (Olofsson, 2000). Elias argued that the coercive power of societies emerges out of increasing interdependence. This brings the discussion to the concept of figurations. In order to explain these, Elias uses the example of court society (Olofsson, 2000). He argues that in court society calculation is an important process which individuals must engage in to negotiate with each other as the king communicates with his aristocracy. Because of changes in economic factors, many courts in Europe saw a shift of power from the aristocracy to the king. The power each member of the aristocracy had, therefore, depended on their relationship with the king. In order to survive, aristocrats had to play by certain rational rules that developed. These were based on the complex interdependency between the individuals and the fact that they were playing long-term power games with each other. An important component in playing these long-term power games was being able to control impulses. Because of the number of people in the court, the chains of interdependence were long and complicated. This required planning, attempting to predict the future and saving. Elias called this complex relationship between the king and the court a figuration. A figuration is characterised by asymmetrical power relations amongst a network of individuals. The court situation can, therefore, only be understood in terms of how the individuals relate to one another. Four critical propositions about the figurational approach are extracted from Elias work by Goudsblom (1977). These are firstly that human beings inevitably exist in relationships of interdependence with each other. As a result of this interdependence, complex dynamics emerge which shape many aspects of development and change the ways in which peoples lives develop. The second proposition is that these figurations are constantly changing and being transformed. The third is that these social figurations are not essentially planned but emerge from the interdependencies. Fourth, figurations provide an important cause of the development of human knowledge. In order to better understand the idea of figurations, Elias used various metaphors from games (Olofsson, 2000). Games are useful to analyse because the interactions between the players are not just a result of the absolute strength of each player, but of the relationship between the strengths of the two players. One example is two chess players pitted against each other. If one of them is significantly stronger than the other, then she will be able to control the manner of the victory as well as the actual victory itself. If, however, the levels of skill are much closer then the manner of victory will be much more uncertain and emerge from the interaction between the individuals. What this metaphor shows is that the power differences between two individuals have an important effect on the relationship. Chess only normally involves the relation between two players, but society obviously involves the relations between many more players, all with varying levels of power. Shifts of power differences in society can be seen in the way the upper and lower classes interact. The lower classes have, for example, increased their level of organisation in order to increase their level of power in negotiating with the upper classes (Olofsson, 2000). One of the questions Elias wanted to address was how people continue to interact in generally peaceful ways when there is so much animosity in, for example, power relations (Loyal Quilley, 2004). Models used to answer this question should have a number of characteristics. These are firstly that social processes cannot be analysed in terms of aggregations of components. Secondly the models work to both mould and constrain the behaviour and habitus of individuals. The strength of the idea of figuration for Elias was that it was able to access ideas of what society was about more effectively than other methods in sociology (Krieken, 1998). Specifically it tends not to emphasise the dichotomy often present in sociological literature between the individual and society. Instead it places the emphasis on how human beings are interdependent. Society was not most usefully thought of as a totality or a whole system of individuals. Society for Elias was the way in which people interweaved with each other (Krieken, 1998). The advantage of this view was that it didnt downplay the agency of the individual at the expense of societys control and helped to show how peoples individuality melded together to form networks of interdependence. One important theoretical aspect of figurations that Krieken (1998) points out is that they can continue without the existence of the same individuals but they completely cease to exist if there are no individuals at all. Krieken (1998) argues that Elias concept of figuration has been extremely important for sociology. One of its major strengths is the avoidance of the dichotomy between structure and agency. Although the distinction has been questioned many times in sociology, it is often still treated by sociologists as though it were real. Krieken (1998) points out that some have argued Elias concept of figuration should be placed alongside of the idea of structure. Mouzelis (1993) argues for avoiding abolishing this distinction. He argues for designating relations between actors in terms of figurations, relations between institutions as institutional structure and plain structure when analysing the interaction between institution and individual. Krieken (1998) does not, however, agree with this three-way distinction. Krieken (1998) argues instead that Elias used the concept of figuration to subsume all these categories of analysis. This means that figuration includes the analysis of what is traditi onally called the structure of society. Habitus is also an important concept in Elias theory of figuration. Habitus refers to the idea that each individual has their own set of personal preferences, attitudes, beliefs, expectations and rules. Habitus comes from a persons community and family experience and through their own experience of life as they grow up. For Elias, though, this habitus develops in an essentially shared manner (Krieken, 1998). Individuals grow up in society and their personal characteristics are, to a certain extent, moulded by those around them. Through this collective moulding of individuals, the nature of collective behaviour is formed. The ideas of habitus and figuration lead to a further important concept in Elias theory. That is that the way in which a persons habitus is formed is called psychogenesis. This, then, can only be properly understood when it is considered in relation to social relations or sociogenesis. Theoretically and methodologically, therefore, Elias was arguing against the separ ation of sociology from psychology. Each has important complementary effects on the other, so it is hard to get a clear picture of the full human being if both are not considered together. Elias ideas have vital implications for the way in which sociologists carry out their research. Krieken (1998) identifies two particular characteristics of Elias theory that are a challenge to some types of sociology. First is the focus of figuration on social relations which points to the fact that an individual cannot be analysed in isolation. Individuals can only be understood, even in isolation, argued Elias, in terms of how they relate to other people, as that is how people are formed. Thinking about humans without the relational element has a huge array of possible associated mistakes. For Elias, the analysis of power especially fell foul of the tendency to see power as a thing in itself rather than as arising from social relations (Krieken, 1998). This led, he thought, to all sort of misunderstandings. To be understood effectively, power should be seen in reciprocal terms. Elias argued that power was often analysed as though it only flowed down from above. A figurational analy sis, however, also points to the reciprocal effects flowing up from below. The second major characteristic of Elias theory is that it focuses on processes (Krieken, 1998). Figuration, therefore, cannot be seen as a static phenomenon, but as something that evolves and emerges over time. What had happened in sociology, however, argued Elias, was that there had been a reduction of social phenomena to particular states. Communities, families, individuals, all should be analysed as though in a state of flow, rather than statically. The use of figurations could be used to analyse these flows as long as there was not a reduction to a simple argument of causality. For example, Elias argued that a particular figuration made other, later figurations possible although it did not guarantee they would happen. Analysing society using a series of static conceptual categories, therefore, was precisely what Elias did not agree with (Rojek, 1986). Instead a process theory of sociology encourages analysis in terms of movement. This type of approach has a character quite oppos ed to many in sociology. Figurational sociology can be seen as extremely useful as a reaction to six dominant paradigms in sociology (Arnason, 1987). First Marxs work is limited by its concentration on the economic areas of life, whereas Elias figurational sociology is applicable to all areas. Against Durkheims idea of norms, Elias argued these do not represent fundamental units but rather the question should be asked in terms of power relations. For Elias, these questions should be addressed using a long-term analysis. Examining the functionalist approach, Elias found that trying to explain social structures in terms of the needs of the system was ineffective. The functionalist account is lacking because it finds it difficult to account for the fact that systems are interlinked at all levels. As has already been seen, Elias argued against a structuralist approach. The reductionist approach also had problems for Elias as society, he believed, could not be understood at this level. Finally, Elias took issue w ith individualism, the idea that it is possible to analyse society in terms of individual behaviour (Arnason, 1987). This is replaced by Elias with a focus on power relations and the analysis of figurations. A number of methodological injunctions develop naturally from Elias theory of figurations; these are examined by Loyal and Quilley (2004). The first is that sociologists should not think about either individuals or society as in any way static or fixed. An effective analysis emerges which sidesteps arguments over macro- or micro- level explanations. A further dichotomy which Loyal and Quilley (2004) present as being avoided by Elias work is that of mind-body duality which has crept into sociological work. The idea of figuration draws attention to habits of language in which processes are often reduced to states. The focus of figuration, however, is on using language that has the meaning of motion and flow built into it. The danger for sociologists of automatically adopting the available language of states is a misunderstanding of the processes occurring in society. This view was influenced by the work of Whorf (1956) who argued that language fundamentally affects the perceptions of t he members of the society that speak it. Finally, Elias believed that some measure of distance was required from society in order to be able to analyse figurations effectively. A Critique of Figurational Sociology While much of the commentary on Elias figurational approach discussed so far has been complimentary, his work has a number of critics. Layder (1986) argues that many of Elias claims about the benefits of his approach to sociology are vastly exaggerated. As a result, argues Layder, Elias tends to focus on trying to solve problems that dont actually exist. Layder (1986) starts by considering Elias focus on the static categories used in language as well as the idea that positivistic notions of causation are inadequate. The concept of figuration is used to challenge these ideas by Elias. In addition, underlying Elias concept of figuration is the idea that it transcends long-running arguments in the philosophy of the social sciences such as that between induction and deduction and rationalism and empiricism. Layders (1986) first criticism is that Eliass figurational approach does not transcend previous approaches. One reason for this is that Elias uses only the worst examples from disciplines so that he can easily demolish their explanatory power. Elias critique of social psychology and psychiatry assumes that all its approaches are atomistic. It doesnt, for example, take into account the wide variety of approaches such as those which do, indeed, focus on the effects of society on the individual and are not so atomistic. Symbolic interactionists, for example, highlight the way in which the ordinary, everyday processes of social interaction build to create what is called society. Mead (1934), an important theorist in this approach, emphasised the importance of socialisation and social interaction. For Layder (1986), then, the concept of figuration does not provide any additional explanatory power. Layder also argues that Elias does not demonstrate exactly how the idea of figurations provi des a better explanation of society. In criticising the concept of figurations, Layder (1986) argues that Elias makes a number of philosophical mistakes, some ontological and some epistemological. Layder describes figurations as generalised depictions of the social ties between individuals that Elias argues cannot be analysed outside of individuals. Figurations, though, must have some meaning outside of the interactions of individuals; otherwise it would not be possible to talk about them in an abstract sense. This is not, of course, to suggest that figurations only have meaning outside of actual interactions. For Layder, then Eliass mistake is to argue that a figuration does not have both a manifestation as a social practice as well as existing as an idea about that particular social practice. If the ideas did not exist it would be impossible to talk about the things themselves in an abstract sense. For Layder, then, the very discussion of social practices as figurations proves that they exist outside of the actions th emselves. What Layder allows Elias concept of figuration is that it does provide a useful descriptive tool. Although it doesnt transcend alternative explanations advanced by those working within structuralist and functionalist models, it can provide a useful way of examining interrelations between people. These analyses would, however, in Layders view, be useful in addition to those insights from structuralist or interactionist perspectives, they wouldnt supplant them. The weakness of using the concept of figuration is that it tends to ignore actual people, in deference to their networks of social relations compared to, for example, the analysis provided by interactionism which is very much focussed on social actors themselves. In this sense, it is again difficult to argue that figuration provides an approach transcending interactionism and other schools of thought. The second major criticism that Layder (1986) makes of Eliass concept of figurations relates to their rejection of objectivist structures. As discussed, figurational sociology sees social processes as fundamentally fluid and avoids reductionism Elias claims that this is an insight that helps the figurational analysis transcends other approaches. Against this idea, Layder (1986) argues that many phenomenological and interactionist schools of thought are based on the idea of social relations as a process. But, Elias does not compare his theory to these approaches, preferring to pretend they dont exist. Instead, figuration is compared with the theory of Talcott Parsons as an example of an objectivist theory. Elias takes Parsons idea that society is essentially in an unchanging equilibrium and states that this is the way society is seen from an objectivist viewpoint as a static system. In this analysis one of the mistakes Layder (1986) thinks Elias has made is to create a false dichoto my between static and fluid analysis as though there is no intermediary point. In doing this Elias claims that theories such as Parsons cannot explain processes, which, argues Layder, they can. Indeed, in concentrating on long-term processes, Elias does not allow an effective analysis of short-term processes. The third major criticism which Layder (1986) levels at Elias is that the concept of figuration lacks explanatory power. Rather than helping to explain what lies behind social changes, Layder argues that it merely provides a description of what is happening. When looking for the causes of figurations, Elias presents more figurations. Criticism of the concept of figuration has also come from Rojek (1986). In particular Rojek (1986) examines the way in which Elias talks about the accumulation of scientific knowledge. As briefly noted earlier, Elias argued that the quest for knowledge was not immune to the power of figurations. Indeed he thought it was a mistake that philosophers of the social sciences tended to make that assumed there was one model of the way science should be conducted. One particular claim that has been made for the usefulness of figurational sociology is that it provides a link between micro and macro approaches (Mennell, 1980). Layder (2006) argues, however, that using figurations as the linking between the macro and micro approaches just serves to blur the differences between the two. The character of social relations is quite different depending on its manner for example a face-to-face encounter is different from sending and receiving an email. Within Elias approach each of these would be considered aspects of figurations. Layder (2006), however, argues that each of these creates different levels of reflexivity and therefore requires a different analysis. For Layder (2006), Eliass figurational approach deflects attention away from a number of important factors. Institutions, for example, have important effects on the behaviour of people but this is difficult to analyse by thinking in terms of networks of connections between people. Further, when analysing social organisation in the form of groups, a figurational approach can deflect attention away from the nature of the ties between people, preferring instead to focus on their actual existence and their particular form. A false criticism that Elias makes of sociology generally by way of his figurational approach is that not enough emphasis has been given to the interaction between society and the individual Layder (2006) argues that this interaction is practically the founding idea of sociology. The challenge for sociology is in working out where to split the society from the individual. A problem which Elias work shares with sociology more generally is that a socially constructed model makes it difficult to understand the uniqueness of an individual. A complete lack of barriers between individuals leads to the conclusion that people have no individuality themselves. While it is not helpful to focus too much on the individual, it is also problematic for a complete understanding to give too little focus to the individual. Layder (2006) argues that, like extreme social constructionists, Elias theory of figuration is in danger of completely eradicating the individual as a legitimate object of study. Figurational Sociology and Sport In order to further assess the usefulness of the concept of figuration and see the benefits and criticisms in action, it is instructive to examine an example of its practical application. The principles of figurational sociology have been applied in a number of different areas, but one particularly popular area is that of sport. Figurational sociology has been used to try and understand football hooliganism, the growth of professional sport, the globalisation of sport and finally initial process of sportization (Murphy, Sheard Waddington, 2002). To take one example in this line of analysis, Dunning and Sheard (1979) examine the development of rugby. They explain the increased professionalism of the sport in terms of a societal move towards functional democratisation. This process leads to greater levels of competition, so that rugby players can no longer play just for fun. Instead, it is necessary to be highly committed to the sport in order to be recognised as successful. Because of the increased interconnectedness of individuals, it is no longer possible for athletes to play for themselves; instead they have to play for their countries (Dunning Sheard, 1979). This analysis helps to explain professionalism in rugby and the advantages of a figurational approach can be seen. Societal changes are examined here in terms of figurations and this provides a useful analysis and explanation of changes. In contrast, Murphy et al. (2002) point out that one of the criticisms of the figurational approach to sport is that it has ignored gender issues. Hargreaves (1992) argues that the figurational obsession with detachment has meant the analysis of sport has readily accepted a notion of sport as dominated by men. Even while Murphy et al. (2002) argue that this absence of the analysis of gender in figurational sociology is not a result of its theoretical limitations, from the criticisms already described the opposite can be argued. Particularly, as Layder (2006) points out, the figurational approach is weak on the analysis of the individual. Conclusion Elias made many claims for his concept of figuration. He claimed that it transcended previous approaches to sociology, rose above false dichotomies and helped sociologists focus on human beings as fundamentally involved in a network of interrelated relationships. Methodological injunctions also flowed naturally from Elias theory: e.g. focussing on processes rather than categories or states and establishing a distance between the researcher and the subject. Considering the criticism levelled at Elias work by Layder, however, it is difficult to see that these claims for a transcendent sociology are justified. Elias frequently misrepresented or ignored the work of sociologists he was apparently transcending as well as making serious epistemological and ontological errors. While both the advantages and disadvantages of the figurational approach can be seen in the area of sport sociology, it is hard to argue that Elias work stands up to Layders criticism. Perhaps the strongest criticism i s that figuration is merely a descriptive rather than an explanatory approach. For that reason, the usefulness of Elias concept of figuration is limited. References Arnason, J. (1987). Figurational Sociology as a Counter-Paradigm. Theory, Culture Society, 4(2), 429-456. Elias, N. (1939/1994). The Civilizing Process: The History of Manners and State Formation and Civilization. Blackwell. Dunning, E., Sheard, K. (1979). Barbarians, gentlemen and players: a sociological study of the development of rugby football. London: Martin Robertson. Featherstone, M. (1987). Norbert Elias and Figurational Sociology: Some Prefatory Remarks. Theory, Culture Society, 4(2), 197. Goudsblom, J. (1977). Sociology in the Balance: A Critical Essay. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Hargreaves, J. (1992). Sex, gender and the body in sport and leisure: Has there been a civilizing process? In E. Dunning C. Rojek (Eds.). Sport and leisure in the civilizing process: Critique and counter-critique. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Krieken, R. (1998) Norbert Elias. London: Routledge. Layder, D. (1986). Social Reality as Figuration: A Critique of Eliass Conception of Sociological Analysis. Sociology, 20(3), 367. Layder, D. (2006). Understanding Social Theory. London: Sage Publications. Loyal, S., Quilley, S. (2004). Towards a central theory: the scope and relevance of the sociology of Norbert Elias. In: S. Loyal S. Quilley (Eds.). The Sociology of Norbert Elias. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mead, G. (1934). Mind, Self and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Mennell, S. (1980). Sociological Theory, Uses and Unities. London: Nelson. Mouzelis, N. (1993). On Figurational Sociology. Theory, Culture Society, 10(2), 239. Murphy, P., Sheard, K., Waddington, I. (2002) Figurational sociology and its application to sport. In: J. Coakley E. Dunning (Eds.). Handbook of sports studies. Sage Publications. Olofsson, G. (2000) Norbert Elias. In: H. Andersen, L. Kaspersen (Eds.). Classical and Modern Social Theory. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Rojek, C. (1986). Problems of Involvement and Detachment in the Writings of Norbert Elias. The British Journal of Sociology, 37(4), 584-596. Whorf, B. (1956). Language, thought and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. J. B. Carroll (Ed.). Massachusetts: MIT Press

Conflicting Cultures in Louise Erdrichs Captivity Essay example -- Lo

Kidnapping colonists during the struggle for land in the early centuries of American history was a strong force influencing the images of Native Americans circulating among the Puritan pioneers. During these centuries, the battles between the natives and the Puritans cost thousands of lives on both sides, and countless stories in the forms of captivity narratives revealed truths and myths about the Native people. Although there were countless pieces of literature and propaganda published in this time period, the actual Indian captivity narratives have been narrowed down to works â€Å"that presumably record with some degree of verisimilitude the experiences of non-Indians who were captures by American Indians† (Derounian-Stodoloa, Levernier, 9). Through such a narrative by Mary Rowlandson, who was taken captive by the Wampanoag tribe in 1676, the contemporary writer and poet Louise Erdrich shows another side of history that could not have been expressed by the surviving captiv es hundreds of years ago. That recreation is her poem, â€Å"Captivity,† which uses the inner conflict of the captive woman to express both historical feelings of Native Americans and their place among whites, along with Erdrich’s conflicts within her own life.# Coming from a mixed family, with her mother being part Native American, Erdrich experiences a pull from both her European history and Native American heritage. Through her poem, â€Å"Captivity,† Erdrich exposes the inner conflict that is felt by both historical women and herself, such as the conflicting feelings and cultural pulls of the two societies through sharing experiences of removal from their known worlds and returns to the white man’s society. In order to fully understand Erdrich’s interpretation... ...rk, 1993. Erdrich, Louise. â€Å"Captivity,† in Kelly, Joseph ed. The Seagull Reader: Poems. Norton and Company: New York, 2001. Fast, Robin Riley. â€Å"Resistant History: Revising the captivity Narrative in ‘Captivity’ and Blackrobe: Isaac Jones.† American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 23:1 (1999) 69-96. Logan, Lisa. â€Å"Mary Rowlandson’s Captivity and the ‘Place’ of the Woman Subject.† Early American Literature. 28 (1993) 255-277. Namias, June. White Captives: Gender and Ethnicity on the American Frontier.University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill, 1993. Vaughan, Alden T. â€Å"Early English Paradigms for New World Natives.† American Antiquarian Society. 102:1 (1992) 33-67. Woodard, Maureen L. â€Å"Female Captivity and the Deployment of Race in Three Early American Texts.† Papers on Language and Literature. 32:2 (1996)